qns

organizational elements , individual human adaptations, and often social approval . Since their function usually requires the mobilization and coordination of many more distinct elements, trains are best analyzed as part of a technological system. Alternatively, the definition of a technological system as an "array of coordinated technologies with a set of coherent purposes that may be reduced to one, overall purpose" may be more easily applied to the locomotive than the axe, since the components of an axe are little more than basic artifacts. The greater number of people required to run locomotives and trains than to use axes may be mentioned in this connection as well. (Trudel, pp. 6, 14, 54-55.) 3) Why didn't the British North American colonies that claimed their independence to form the United States share in the canal boom of Great Britain, and especially England? Explain. [1 point] Half a point for each of the following: — even at the time of its creation, the United States covered a muich greater surface area than the island of Great Britain, or England, so that canals would have had to be longer (and so more expensive) to have a significant impact on travel times; — not only were distances greater, but the population density was lower, which reducing potential trading volumes (and the profitability of canal works). (Trudel, p. 62.) 4) Identify two (2) types of places where exotic species are more likely to be found. Explain why. [2 points] One point each for two (2) of the following: — the most diverse ecosystems, since they usually have the greatest combination of resources; — places of human occupation, since domesticated animals (and many commensal species) are often exotic/intrusive; — ecological "hot spots", since they have the greatest diversity of species so that the odds are in favour of intrusive species also being present [this overlaps to some extent with the first answer, but is not identical] Half a point as well for any general type of place, such as "lakes and rivers", that is not a precise location and that is found in the textbook or is supported by a properly cited outside authority. Half a point for an explanation justifying this choice (such as the dumping of ballast water in rivers and the role of canals in facilitating movement between watersheds). (Trudel, p. 24.) 5) Of the five (5) most common large mammals tamed by humans, which two (2) are thought to Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

HIS 2129 B History 2129: Technology, Society, and Environment since 1800 Professor: Jean-Louis Trudel Office hours: Tuesday, 9:30-11:30, Room 9109, Desmarais Assignment 3 (due April 1, 2019) Option A: (double-spaced; outside sources may be used, but must be cited properly) 1) Whenever we consider new technologies, Postman invites us to ask: "Which groups, what type of person, what kind of industry will be favoured?" and "which groups of people will thereby be harmed?" Based on course readings, give two (2) examples to answer the first question in the case of radio. And, also based on course readings, give two (2) examples to answer the second question, also in the case of radio? [2 points] - The type of people and industry the radio favoured The radio evolved into a steadfast means of communication for pilots, ship captains, truck drivers, law enforcement, emergency services and many more. The radio brought a sense of proximity which shaped politics as Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke to US audiences by radio, also Adolf Hitler in Germany was heard on radio sets in that country. (Trudel, 163) The entertainment industry- The radio also brought music, radio plays, and soap operas inside homes equipped with radio receivers. It was no longer necessary to leave home to see a play or laugh at comedy. The old- fashioned storyteller or neighbourhood fiddler was no longer needed to enliven weekend gatherings. (Trudel, 163) The people the radio harmed Musicians- While most other forms of entertainment were expensive, the radio provided entertainment free of charge right in your own home. radio was a threat to the livelihood of musicians, people were sharing music at home instead of going out. 2) Explain fully two (2) reasons given for criticizing the "iron triangle" of the military-industrial- academic complex during the Cold War. [2 points] - The ‘iron triangle’ was criticized for its consumption of resources which could be used better elsewhere, the United States government encouraged contacts between research universities and industry, leading to a constant flow back and forth between the laboratories of Stanford and MIT, and the factories of General Electric and Boeing. The federal contracts signed with universities varied, but in most cases, the universities provided laboratory space, management, and some scientific personnel for large, multi- Département d’histoire | History Department Faculté des arts / Faculty of Arts Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Assignment3Questionand Answers Technology Society and Environment since 1800 (University of Ottawa) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Assignment3Questionand Answers Technology Society and Environment since 1800 (University of Ottawa) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

pressured to change course; (vii) the limited scale of the economic consequences of correcting the problem in the case of CFC emissions; (viii) the relatively uniform distribution around the globe of the costs of inaction (alternatively, the fact that mid- to upper-latitude countries were both the main potential victims and the ones that could change things). These may be used to formulate either a positive or a negative answer, but the student must be cognizant of as many of the points above as possible. (Harper and Fletcher, pp. 130-134.) 6) Give two (2) reasons why traditional weed-fighting strategies deployed as part of European agriculture were neglected in North America in the 19th century. Elaborate as needed. [1 point] Half a point each for any two (2) of the following: — crop rotation, involving the successive cultivation of different crops on the same land in different years, was hampered by a lack of markets for crops other than wheat; — (i) systematic weeding, involving the uprooting and removal of unwanted weeds, demanded a lot of time and effort: the cost of hiring labourers was often higher than the expected benefit; — (ii) systematic weeding demanded a lot of time and effort: even when a farmer could afford to pay for labourers, there was a general scarcity of labour in colonial North America (and the early United States); — weeding was hard to mechanize and, even when it could be, required very specific knowledge of farming conditions (that was not so easily gained by new settlers); — more generally speaking, new settlers needed to cover their original investments so they wanted to maximize their short-term income (by avoiding less lucrative crops) while reducing short-term outlays (by refraining from hiring non-essential helpers). (Trudel, p. 222.) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

7) The human impact on the terrestrial environment is greatest in the Amazon and Canada. a. True b. False Answer: False 8) Around 1800, most of the world’s countries did not enjoy an average life expectancy of much more than 40 years of age. a. True b. False Answer: True 9) Only a minor share of U.S. economic growth before 1950 is accounted for by productvity increases. a. True b. False Answer: False 10) What city was created to house the workers who built Hoover Dam? a. Las Vegas b. Boulder City c. Hoover City d. Los Angeles Answer: Boulder City 11) The inital purpose of Hoover Dam as it was conceived was to supply Las Vegas and Los Angeles with a dependable supply of electricity. a. True b. False Answer: False 12) The principal reason that drove Herodotus of Halicarnassus to write a history of the wars of the Greeks and Barbarians was to correct the mistakes found in previous histories. a. True b. False Answer: False 13) The U.S. space programme of the 1960s and 1970s provided the environmental movement with added impetus. a. True b. False Answer: True 14) Under what U.S. president was Hoover Dam completed? a. Herbert Hoover Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

a. True b. False Answer: False The banning of animals from Western cites began early in the 19th century and was driven in large part by concerns over hygiene and sanitaton in growing cites, which animated public health doctors and ofcials, and in part by more "aesthetc" concerns over the dangers, smells, sexual displays, and excreta associated with the presence of barn animals. Since it was not entrely possible, before the age of refrigeraton and easy transportaton, to feed a city without the presence of some animals, large cites also tried to concentrate the slaughterhouses and meat distributon services in a few large facilites, as close to railroads or canals as possible. This happened in London (England), in Paris, and in the large Eastern cites of the U.S., for instance. Motor cars only show up in city streets in the 1890s, when the batle to exclude barn animals from the streets (aside from horses pulling carriages) has been won, and the inital number of passenger automobiles is so small that there are few concerns about their encounters with animals. 8) No electric ever set a land speed record. a. True b. False Answer: False 9) In the 20 th century, electric trucks remained in use for decades because they were cheaper by unit payload than the competton. a. True b. False Answer: False 10) Like a number of other small manufacturers in North America, Canadian car maker McLaughlin was bought by, and its operatons merged with those of a. Chrysler b. Ford c. GM d. Lada Answer: GM 11) In the early 20 th century, private passenger automobiles ofered superior convenience, which included a. Superior speed over long distances and greater route choice b. Immediate availability according to the owner’s needs and a seat for everyone inside the vehicle Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

a. True b. False Answer: False 23) The development of a natonal network of divided highways in the U.S. was launched by president Eisenhower. a. True b. False Answer: True 24) The frst drive-in cinema opened in a. 1918 b. 1933 c. 1948 d. 1963 Answer: 1933 25) In many North American cites, including Quebec City, the constructon or expansion of highways bulldozed through minority neighbourhoods and the poorer parts of town, either destroying them outright or greatly afectng their socio-economic vitality a. True b. False Answer: True Quiz 8: 1) One of Postman’s fve ideas about technological change is that it always has an ecological price because it always afects the environment. a. True b. False Answer: False 2) Reginald Fessenden discovered that he could increase the range of radio voice messages by using an antenna while grounding both the transmiter and the receiver. a. True b. False Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: False 3) Edwin H. Armstrong built the frst high-current, high-frequency generator of contnuous radio waves in order to develop amplitude modulaton. a. True b. False Answer: False 4) In 1906-1907, the frst radio broadcasts transmited a. Speech and music b. Morse code c. Computer code d. None of the above Answer: speech and music 5) The frst radio “fans” mostly used a. Spark-gap radios (as used by Marconi) b. Contnuous-wave, frequency-modulated radio c. Contnuous-wave, amplitude-modulated radio d. Crystal radios Answer: Crystal radios 6) During WWI, planes communicated with ground forces using radios and Morse code. a. True b. False Answer: True 7) By the 1920s, the growing North American radio audience was increasingly tuning in with a. Vacuum tube radios b. Crystal radios c. Solid-state transistor radios d. Spark-gap radios Answer: vacuum tube radios 8) Farmers were among the earliest adopters crystal radios because they were lonely and isolated, so that they hoped to kindle long-distance romance with radio “fans” of the opposite sex. a. True Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

b. False Answer: False 9) When the Canadian Broadcastng Corporaton (CBC) was created by the government in 1927, it began by equipping trains with radios so that travellers would become familiar with the new technology. a. True b. False Answer: False 10) In the 1940s, North American musicians went on strike to oppose the increasing popularity of recorded music broadcast by radio statons and help save their jobs. a. True b. False Answer: True 11) By the 1850s and 1860s, telegraph-based technologies were capable of transmitng low- resoluton pictures by wire. a. True b. False Answer: True 12) Edison invented cinema as a technological system comprising high-speed flm, projectors, and screens. a. True b. False Answer: False 13) The cathode ray tube was the key technological element of the all-electronic television sets launched and manufactured in the 1940s. a. True b. False Answer: True 14) Vladimir Zworykin was too atached to his independence to collaborate efectvely with others: though he was a great television innovator, he remained an isolated one. a. True b. False Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: False 15) The Radio Corporaton of America (RCA) exhibited its frst producton models of all- electronic televisions at which event? a. The 1939-1940 New York World Fair b. The 1900 Internatonal Congress of Electricity c. The coronaton of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 d. The 1937 Paris World Fair Answer: The 1939-1940 New York World Fair 16) In 1939, North Americans could buy all-electronic televisions featuring a. Reduced size, achieved by using a separate radio’s speakers to eliminate the need for incorporated speakers b. Wide screens known as panoramic models that flled an entre wall c. Surround sound, achieved by adding a separate radio’s speakers to the television set’s own speakers d. All of the above Answer: Reduced size, achieved by using a separate radio’s speakers to eliminate the need for incorporated speakers 17) In Canada, the 1949-1961 Massey Commission concluded that private radio broadcasters should be responsible for the introducton of Canadian-made television. a. True b. False Answer: False 18) Before the age of satellites, the Canadian Broadcastng Corporatons’ television statons were linked from sea to sea by a communicatons network using a. Lasers b. Masers c. Microwaves d. Fiber optcs Answer: Microwaves 19) By 1955, the Soviet Union had more television sets (receivers) than Canada. a. True b. False Answer: False Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

20) By the mid-1990s, Canada had roughly three (3) tmes as many television sets (receivers) per capita than Mexico. a. True b. False Answer: True 21) In 1960, U.S. presidental candidate Kennedy won the television debates with Nixon because he was younger and more comfortable with the virtual setng of debates split between television studios in New York and Los Angeles. a. True b. False Answer: False 22) The frst televised debate between politcal leaders in Canada happened a. In 1968, when candidates Pierre E. Trudeau, Robert Stanfeld, Tommy Douglas, and Réal Caouete set the stage for a historic electon b. In 1958, when candidates John Diefenbaker and Lester B. Pearson went head-to- head during a federal electon c. In 1962, when candidates Jean Lesage and Daniel Johnson, Sr. clashed during a Québec provincial electon d. In 1965, when candidates John Diefenbaker and Lester B. Pearson resumed their long-running feud during the federal electon Answer: c 23) For much of the 1960s and 1970s, the operatng budget of the CBC was approximately equal to the combined budgets of all private radio and television statons in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: True Quiz 9: 1) In a 2008 of U.S. scientfc literacy, women did as well or beter than men on questons testng their knowledge of the biological sciences. a. True b. False Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: True 2) High school enrollment rates dipped in the U.S. during the Second World War due to the mobilizaton of young men in the army. a. True b. False Answer: False While many men joined the U.S. armed forces during World War II, the military only accepted the enlistment of men and women 18 years and over. While it was possible to serve if you were 17 years old as long as you had parental consent, very few did. In World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War combined, the number of underage soldiers was no more than 100,000 while the armed forces numbered millions of men and women. Since the vast majority of high school students are under 18, the large decline observed cannot be explained by the enlistment of 17- and 18-year-olds. It is more likely the result of teenagers staying out of high school or dropping high school because they were needed on the family farm or could fnd well-paying jobs as a result of the mass enrollment of older men. 3) In the 1940s, the newest and most advanced U.S. industries generally required the greatest number of educated workers (such as high school graduates). a. True b. False Answer: True 4) In the U.S., the holders of four-year college degrees (or beter) were the only ones to be more numerous in manufacturing work in 2012 than in 1960. a. True b. False Answer: False 5) The moto "Faster, higher, stronger" was used by the ancient Greeks to describe the striving of their athletes during the original Olympic games. a. True b. False Answer: False 6) The Futurists were a group of a. Greek historians who decided to resurrect the ancient Olympic Games with the help of French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertn Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

b. Italian artsts who believed modern art should incorporate the new technologies creatng the world of the future c. U.S. engineers who advocated the streamlining of both vehicles and everyday objects to express the look of the future d. Internatonal scientsts who predicted the role of nuclear bombs in changing future politcs Answer: b 7) Ever since the 19th century, one important goal of urban planners and reformers has been to a. Provide parks to city-dwellers in order to have them enjoy more natural surroundings b. Increase access to nature by developing satellites cites (garden cites, edge cites, suburbs) c. Free up space for parks and gardens inside cites by housing people in taller buildings d. All of the above Answer: d 8) Levitown was a. A model garden city planned as a suburb of Washington, D.C., during the Roosevelt administraton b. The name of several post-World War II U.S. suburbs developed to house the baby-boom generaton and their parents (while ofen excluding racial minorites) c. The Pennsylvania locaton of the frst U.S. skyscraper built using cheap Pitsburgh steel d. The name of a Montréal neighbourhood designed and planned by French architect Jacques Lévi during the interwar years. Answer: b 9) Early in the 20th century, North American ofce buildings retained visual elements present in ancient edifces such as the Parthenon in Athens. a. True b. False Answer: True 10) The "modern" design of buildings and furniture was ofen pioneered by artsts such as Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia before World War I and the designers of the Bauhaus school in the Germany of the interwar period. a. True Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

b. False Answer: True 11) The streamlining applied to everyday objects like telephones and refrigerators by the tme of World War II was frst developed to design beter zeppelins, seaplanes, and other aircraf, as well as passenger automobiles and locomotves. a. True b. False Answer: True 12) The streamlining of steam locomotves in the 1950s allowed them to replace diesel locomotves in North America. a. True b. False Answer: False 13) During World War I, the Natonal Research Council of Canada helped the United States build the frst nuclear bomb by providing it with uranium from Canadian mines in the Northwest Territories. a. True b. False Answer: False 14) The role played originally by the Natonal Research Council of Canada in terms of funding research is now assumed in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council as it provides money for university research. a. True b. False Answer: True 15) The convicton that science and technology had made Germany a fearsome opponent in World War II greatly pushed U.S. urban planners, designers, architects, and utopians to bet on scientfc and technological progress afer the war. a. True b. False Answer: False 16) Less than ten years afer producing the frst sustained chain reacton, U.S. physicists and engineers built the frst nuclear reactor. Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

a. True b. False Answer: True 17) To build the frst nuclear bombs, the Manhatan project relied on facilites in both the United States and Canada, raw materials from both and the Belgian Congo, as well as people from multple countries. a. True b. False Answer: True 18) In 1945, when the frst atomic bombs were detonated in New Mexico and Japan, killing thousands, Canada and the United Kingdom were recognized as full collaborators of the United States in the Manhatan Project. a. True b. False Answer: True 19) In his 1945 memorandum, Science—The Endless Fronter , Vannevar Bush argued that the U.S. government a. Should fnance the Manhatan Project to develop the frst nuclear bombs b. Should take on space exploraton and go to the Moon c. Should fund basic scientfc research, as well as military and medical R&D d. Should build a natonal array of high-performance electronic computers to help with basic scientfc research Answer: c 20) Afer World War II, the United States extended the wartme funding of research untl 1948, when the beginning of the Cold War and the 1949 Soviet atomic bomb convinced the government to double it. a. True b. False Answer: False 21) By 1952, there were three nuclear powers. a. True b. False Answer: True Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

22) By the mid-1950s, radioactve fallout from nuclear bomb tests was increasingly feared and critcized by scientsts and the general public. a. True b. False Answer: True 23) In the 1950s, the pursuit of peaceful applicatons of nuclear power led to the launch of the frst artfcial satellite, Sputnik, by the Soviet Union. a. True b. False Answer: False 24) In the United States, Operaton Plowshare a. Designated the use of peaceful nuclear explosions to dig mines, bring up oil, and create canals, among other possible applicatons b. Served to describe the secret development work on the frst thermonuclear (fusion) bomb c. Referred to the massive building project that created nuclear bunkers (for government ofcials) and fall-out shelters (for families) from coast to coast d. Was the code name for the efort to breed new useful plants and crops using radioactvity Answer: a 25) By 1960, Canada had built its frst nuclear reactor and pioneered cancer therapy using radioactve materials. a. True b. False Answer: T 26) The Soviet Union became the frst space-faring naton with the help of Nazi rocket scientsts who had all sought refuge in the USSR out of fear that the United States would prosecute them for war crimes. a. True b. False Answer: F 27) In 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the frst man in space, orbitng Earth in his space capsule called Sputnik . a. True b. False Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: False 28) In the 1950s, the United States responded to the Soviet challenge to its technological primacy by a. Establishing the Natonal Science Foundaton b. Creatng the Advanced Research Projects Agency c. Founding NASA d. All of the above Answer: d 29) The number of U.S. patents granted to independent inventors fell below the number of patents granted to non-U.S. frms in or about a. The 1930s b. The 1950s c. The 1970s d. The 1990s Answer: c 30) Since 1979, the U.S. federal government has provided most of the funding for research and development. a. True b. False Answer: False 31) The amount (in constant dollars) spent on defense R&D by the U.S. government dipped afer 1989 a. Due to the shif of defense funds into space exploraton to let NASA go to the Moon b. Due to the end of the Cold War c. Due to the replacement of planes with pilots by drones d. Due to the gains in efciency derived from computerizaton and Moore’s Law Answer: b 32) Afer 1980, U.S. corporatons were increasingly able to outsource their R&D to university laboratories and startups, leading to a decline of the in-house research lab. a. True b. False Answer: T Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

33) In the history of computng, calculators, tabulators, and programmable machines may be ranked in this order from the point of view of increasing automaton. a. True b. False Answer: T 34) Before the modern era, lengthy and intricate calculatons were ofen required to solve problems in the feld of a. Astronomy b. Biology c. Chemistry d. Zoology Answer: a 35) By the end of the 19th century, cash registers were just one variety of mechanical calculatng machines found in businesses and ofces in Western countries. a. True b. False Answer: True 36) To process its results, the 1890 U.S. census relied on the use a. Of clerks using mechanical calculators, for the last tme b. Of the mechanical tabulators built by Hollerith c. Of diference engines built by Scheutz in Sweden and imported at high cost d. Of clerks known as “tabulators who added up results in hand-drawn tables Answer: b 37) Charles Babbage is credited with designing (if not building) the frst universal computng machine. a. True b. False Answer: T 38) Before the modern era, surveying and map-making largely depended on astronomical observatons and calculatons. a. True b. False Answer: True Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

39) Babbage's frst diference engine was intended to a. Solve complex mathematcal problems b. Analyze the Britsh government to identfy shortalls c. To design programs for his Analytcal Engine d. Mechanize the producton and printng of numerical tables Answer: d 40) Ada Byron (or Lovelace) wrote the frst published complex computer algorithm for Babbage's Analytcal Engine. a. True b. False Answer: T 41) The Diferental Analyzer created by Vannevar Bush and his collaborators was used, among other things a. To calculate artllery fring tables for the U.S. military during World War II b. To perform the fnal calculatons needed to complete the frst atomic bomb c. To program the frst computer games, such as tc-tac-toe d. To analyze U.S pension payments to veterans in order to identfy possible savings Answer: a 42) Since 1945, computng power has (to a good approximaton) risen a. Exponentally b. Linearly c. Logarithmically d. All of the above Answer: a) 43) The frst electronic computer used a. Vacuum tubes b. Punched cards c. Electric circuity d. All of the above Answer: d 44) Among the frst commercial electronic computers a. EDVAC and the Ferrant Mark I b. The EDSAC and the IBM 701 c. The ENIAC and the UNIVAC Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

d. The UNIVAC and the Ferrant Mark I Answer: d 45) Canada’s frst electronic computer was built a. At the Natonal Research Council laboratories in Otawa b. University of Saskatchewan c. U of T d. uOtawa Answer: c 46) Many of the frst buyers of commercial electronic computers were government agencies and military organizatons. a. True b. False Answer: True 47) The second generaton of electronic computers used a. Solid-state transistors b. Integrated circuits c. Microprocessors d. Vacuum tubes Answer: a 48) The U.S. Air Force built the frst version of the internet as a communicatons network designed to keep working even afer a nuclear missile strike. a. True b. False Answer: False 49) All of the electronic and computng components of the ARPANET were designed and built by ARPA. a. True b. False Answer: False 50) Down to the creaton of the modern internet in the mid-1970s, ARPANET was the world’s only computer network. (T or F) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: F Quiz 10: 1) In the course of the 19th century, chemistry made it possible to produce clothing that was whiter and also clothes that were more colourful. (T or F) Answer: T 2) Alfred Nobel was able to fund the Nobel Prizes with the proceeds from his inventon of a. A new day of synthesizing ammonia b. Aspirine c. Dynamite d. The frst synthetc dye, aniline Answer: c 3) Over the course of a few decades, the energy required to synthesize ammonia declined more than the energy required for several important chemical processes in industry. (T or F) Answer: T 4) Generally speaking, since the 1960s, the second greatest source of nitrogen in German agriculture has been animal manure. (T or F) Answer: T 5) Worldwide, biofxaton by bacteria remains the second largest source of nitrogen for crops. (T or F) Answer: T 6) The second batle of Ypres is remembered for the use of phosgene by the German forces to try and reduce the salient controlled by the Allies. (T or F) Answer: F 7) During World War I, mustard gas was only introduced in 1917 as a last resort since it could not penetrate clothing. (T or F) Answer: F 8) Poison gases were responsible for the majority of combat deaths during World War I. (T or F) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: F 9) Afer World War I, the DuPont de Nemours chemical company was accusing of wartme profteering as a result a. Of its monopoly on new synthetc pestcides b. Of its munitons manufacturing c. Of its inventon of a new and lucratve ammonia synthesis process d. Of its role producing poison gases Answer: b 10) By the end of World War I, U.S. painter John Singer Sargent produced a famous paintng showing a. North American tourists returning to enjoy the sights of Europe b. US soldiers raising the US fag over the recaptured city of Ypres c. The ruins of Ypres strewn with dead bodies d. US soldiers, blinded by mustard gas, leading each other towards safety Answer: d 11) During World War I, Russia was the country that lost the greatest number of troops to deaths, injuries, disappearances, and capture. (T or F) Answer: T 12) During World War I, the troops on both sides used for transportaton, at one point or another, bicycles, motorcycles, armoured vehicles, and horses. (T or F) Answer: T 13) The wreck of the zeppelin Hindenburg was a blow to the prestge of a. The britsh airship engineers who had built it b. Nazi Germany c. Switzerland d. US Answer: b Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

14) The two airships developed by the U.S. Navy as fying aircraf carriers were wrecked at sea in storms during the 1930s. (T or F) Answer: T 15) During World War II, Jews sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau exterminaton complex were burned alive in the "Crematoria" where they were told they would be taking showers. (T or F) Answer: F To kill their victims, the Nazis used a rat poison that turned into toxic vapours before cremating the bodies. 16) The use of poison gas against Allied forces at Ypres in 1915 was organized and supervised by German chemist Karl Bosch. (T or F) Answer: F 17) Fertlizers fght pests that prey on crops and weeds that compete with them. (T or F) Answer: F 18) The uninterrupted increase in the use of nitrogen-based fertlizers in the U.S. since World War I has driven a similar uninterrupted increase in wheat yields. (T or F) Answer: F 19) Global warming is the main reason for the increase in U.S. corn yields since the 1930s. (T or F) Answer: F 20) By 2018, soybeans were the most extensively cultvated transgenic crop. (T or F) Answer: T 21) The U.S. share of worldwide transgenic crops under cultvaton has been steadily declining. (T or F) Answer: T 22) By 2018, most of the world's transgenic crops included added defenses against viruses. (T or F) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: F 23) Africa, Australia, and South America are the contnents with the lowest apparent use of nitrogen-based synthetc fertlizers (excluding Antarctca). (T or F) Answer: T 24) Algal blooms and red tdes may be caused by water polluton in the form. a. Of DDT residues in rain run-of b. Of excessive amounts of nitrogen or phosphorus c. Of city sewage laced with various pharmaceutcals d. Of oil spills Answer: b 25) The typhus microbe can be killed by DDT. (T or F) Answer: F 26) The 1943-1944 typhus epidemic in Naples was fought and defeated by DDT alone since the stocks of another insectcide, MYTL, were assigned for army use only. (T or F) Answer: F 27) Afer World War II, malaria was nearly eliminated in parts of Africa by spraying DDT indoors (where it remained actve against adult mosquitoes in trace amounts) and by spraying it outdoors to kill mosquito larvae. (T or F) Answer: F 28) By the mid-1960s, public concern over the state of the environment grew in North America as a result of a. Smog levels in LA and elsewhere b. Radioactve fallout from above-ground nuclear bomb tests c. Rachel Carson’s warnings about synthetc pestcides d. All of the above Answer: d 29) In 1972, DDT was banned in Africa because it caused cancer in farmers and thinned the eggshells of vultures. (T or F) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Answer: F 30) In the United States, broiler chicken were genetcally improved with turkey genes in order to grow and gain weight more rapidly. Answer: F Quiz 11: 1) The share of U.S. doctorates earned by women was lower in the 1960s than in the 1920s. (T or F) Answer: T 2) According to data from 2003-2005, wind, solar, and nuclear energy are very nearly equivalent in terms of CO 2 -equivalent emissions per unit energy producton over their entre life-cycle. (T or F) Answer: F 3) When Thomas Newcomen was born in 1663, most natural philosophers (scientsts) believed that all mater was composed of earth, water, air, and fre. Answer: T Since the tme of Paracelsus in the 16th century, various chemists and alchemists had disputed the Aristotelian acceptance of the four elements, but chemists of the mid-17 th century were stll arguing against the four elements, as they remained something of the default view of the world for many (such as Leibniz). 4) In the 1970s, the Asilomar Conference atempted to set limits on the emissions of chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs) that depleted the ozone layer. (T or F) Answer: F 5) In 1979, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident caused 100,000 deaths in Pennsylvania. (T or F) Answer: F Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

6) The IPCC was founded in 1988 to carry out new research on global climate change in order to understand its causes. (T or F) Answer: T 7) In 1895, the train accident in the Gare Montparnasse of Paris was a result of a. Human error b. A brake failure c. Human error and a brake failure d. None of the above Answer: c 8) The oral contraceptve pill (the Pill) was approved for use in the United States in 1960 by a. The Food and Drug Administraton b. The US Surgeon General c. The Natonal Science Foundaton d. The Natonal Insttutes of Health Answer: a 9) Worldwide, the use of coal increased more rapidly in the 19th century than in the 20th century. (T or F) Answer: T 10) Accidents can be considered externalites when they afect everybody, even the people who did not beneft originally from the technology that failed. (T or F) Answer: T 11) The compositon of carbon dioxide (carbon + oxygen) was frst discovered by a. John Dalton b. Joseph Black c. Antoine Guyton de Morveau and Antoine Lavoisier d. Jan van Helmont Answer: c Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

12) The oral contraceptve pill (the Pill) was approved in 1960 based on a 1959 investgaton that cited only study of its efects on women. (T or F) Answer: F 13) The European Union's "Seveso Directves" a. Require testng of all drugs taken during pregnancy b. Are intended to prevent major train accidents c. Regulate the industrial producton of dioxins d. Aim to avoid major hazards involving chemical substances or limit their consequences Answer: d 14) Much of the environmental damage that was once visible in and around Sudbury (Ontario) resulted from the mining of a. Nickel b. Uranium c. Iron ore d. Radium Answer: a 15) Down to 2014, Canada's per capita carbon dioxide emissions (from energy and cement manufacture) were below the global average. (T or F) Answer: F 16) The trend of Canada's emission since 1990 is compatble with reaching Canada's ofcial targets for 2030. (T or F) Answer: F 17) In Japan, the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident was caused by a. A hurricane b. A tsunami c. Sabotage d. A tornado Answer: b Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

18) In the 1950s, that the oceans absorb less carbon dioxide than expected was proven by a. Charles David Keeling b. Guy Stewart Callendar c. Lewis D. Kaplan d. Hans Suess and Roger Revelle Answer: d 19) Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius discovered that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere helps trap the Sun's heat. (T or F) Answer: F 20) With reference to the period from 1951 to 1980, global air temperatures have increased by about one degree Celsius. (T or F) Answer: T 21) With respect to atmospheric carbon dioxide, the overlap of measurements taken from Antarctc ice cores and from atmospheric samples near the peak of Mauna Loa is nearly perfect. (T or F) Answer: T 22) Since 1990, Québec has been the province with the lowest CO 2 -equivalent emissions per capita. (T or F) Answer: T 23) By 1960, hundreds of millions of women worldwide had used the oral contraceptve pill. (T or F) Answer: F 24) Most carbon emissions originate in the Southern hemisphere as a result of the burning of tropical forests in the Amazon, Africa, and Indonesia. (T or F) Answer: F 25) The three (3) most important greenhouse gases are a. Carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone b. Carbon dioxide, ozone, and nitrous oxides c. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

d. Carbon dioxide, ozone, and fuorinated gases Answer: a 26) Global warming is expected to spread tropical diseases to areas closer to the poles. (T or F) Answer: T 27) The eruptons of the Krakatoa and Pinatubo volcanoes briefy cooled the global climate. Answer: T 28) By the end of the 1960s, it was determined the older women were at a higher risk (though stll small in absolute terms) of serious health consequences when taking the oral contraceptve pill. (T or F) Answer: T 29) In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear accident caused a. At least 56 immediate deaths b. A few thousand deaths over the long run from exposure to radioactve fallout c. An explosion that blew open the nuclear power plant d. All of the above Answer: d 30) In the 1960s, the Thalidomide scandal resulted from the numerous miscarriages and births of babies with deformites as a result of women taking an abortve pill contaminated with methylmercury. (T or F) Answer: F Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Textbook notes for HIS2129, Jean Trudel Technology Society and Environment since 1800 (University of Ottawa) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Textbook notes for HIS2129, Jean Trudel Technology Society and Environment since 1800 (University of Ottawa) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

Textbook notes Chapter 1: Introducton/ Defning Technology Why should tech interest us?  Separates us from/connects us to the world  Protect us from the environment (clothing, shelter)  Extensions of our natural abilites (fre, tools, weapons) The History of the Word (p.1-2)  Although the concept is quite recent, derived from 2 Greek words: o Techno – art o Logos – has several meanings: word discourse, theory  Aristotle means: “rules of the art (of speech)” when he mentons the word technology  Word gained new meaning in modern tmes over the period of a century o “the theory of the (productve) arts” o Period coincides with the Industrial Revoluton (late 18 th century)  (1706) – Philips Dictonary defnes technology as “A Descripton of Arts, especially mechanical.”  (1728) – Christan Wolf (German philosopher) defnes as “the knowledge of the arts and of their products” The History of the Concept (p.2-4)  The ideal of applying science to daily life, 1 st artculated by Francis Bacon, drove many of these initatves in the wake of what is known of the Scientfc Revoluton (17 th century)  The enthusiasm for method, obvious in many felds such as military, the sciences, and early statstcs o Led philosophers studying the arts and the scholars charged with teaching a broad knowledge of art to seek a theory.  Theory came to be known as technology (a science of the arts) Telling the History of Technology (p.4-7)  As new inventons afected the lives of more and more people and required more and more people to make them work. o Became clear that any history of technology that focused only on the bright idea of the original inventor was incomplete  Lewis Mumford (1934) ted together to social contexts of Western civilizaton with the achievements of: o Inventors o Engineers o Industrialists  Another realizaton of 20 th century historians Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

o Inventons ofen needed to be nurtured, adapted, and turned into technological systems to be truly efectve  Technological system – incorporates a # of component parts required to work together to achieve a single, overarching purpose. o Large tech. systems are more likely to impose an ecological price. Thinking About the History of Technology (p.7-13)  Marshall McLuhan (Canadian theorist) o Defned any medium as such an extension of an older medium (clothing => skin, bicycle => feet)  A medium typically operates “containing” another medium o McLuhan assigned to them the propertes of obsolescence, retrieval, and reversal o Every new medium makes older media and the terms of social organizaton around them obsolete (in some respect)  Email => fax, telephone, telegraph o Every medium also retrieves some features of older environments/ older forms of acton and human organizaton  But also, every medium (when overextended), can either take on the opposite of its original features or create the opposite of its intended functon. o Ex. Email made it easier to respond quickly to a short query, but avalanche of emails has forced users to select the messages that’ll be answered frst o And ease of storage allows them to think twice or procrastnate before answering  Martn Heidegger (German philosopher) – defned technology as a requisitoning process which treats the whole of nature as a standing reserve intended to fulfll human needs and wants. (8) o Emphasized the risk of extending this idea to the point where humans become either resources to be used up of mere elements of a much greater technological system.  (1980) Langdon Winner essay (controversial/famous) o Claims that modern machines and technological systems can be judged on their embodiment of specifc forms of power and authority o Which would make them not only politcal instruments but politcal actors as well.  Winner suggests some technologies are politcal because they determine winners and losers by favouring holders of wealth or authority o Or by discriminatng against the poor and handicapped.  “Returns” (11-12)  The history of tech. needs to identfy who gains from a technology and who decides the course of its development. Conclusion: The Nature of the Beast (13-14) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 W.R.T tech, queston arises as to whether technology grants us greater power to do as we will while constraining our freedom in subtle ways that efectvely limit our autonomy o Credit cards – makes it possible to spend more freely, but our purchases become known to others. o Surveillance cameras – increased security at the expense of our privacy Basic Defnitons (14-16) Textbook Chapter 8 – In the Year of Our Ford: The Automobile Era The Automobile Before the Automobile (141-144)  1 st steam engine – Cugnot (FRA), 18 th century  Steam-powered coaches, trucks, carriages were built during the 19 th century  US, Oliver Evans designed and built amphibious steam-driven vehicle [1805]  Canada, Seth Taylor – Stanstead, Quebec [1867] o 1 st known automobile  Steam engines become smaller and more efcient  WWI, Stanley Steamer produced in Massachusets a steam car (stll a compettor)  Steam engine’s need for water (142)  Gas-powered cars  Typical steam car complicatons o Post WWI  During 1920s, last companies making steam cars converted o Internal combuston (white) o (Doble, Stanley)  1 st electric car, William Stll [1893] in Toronto o Performance standards were lows  North America pioneered the use of the steamboat and steamship (143) o Duryea brothers-1 st horseless carriage  Gasoline car, George Foss [1901], Sherbrooke, Quebec  Canadian Cycle and Motor Company (CCM)  “Steamers” and “benzine buggies”  Ethanol as fuel – Ford (possibly) Mass Producton (144-147)  Ford yielded to the atracton of automobiles in the 1890s o First started as a builder/driver of fast cars.  Model T cut comp, in half o Advertsement was true to its words o Best car at the lowest possible price o Improvement of automakers (145)  Taylor-efciency Ford-producton (emphasis on-) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 Producton defned as the rato of total producton to total costs Mass Producton in Canada (147-150)  no real Canadian equivalents  Canada-US Auto Part (148)  Gordon McGregor proposal to Ford (149) o Samuel McLaughlin The Technological Evoluton of the Car (150-151)  Depression increased the benefts of moving ahead of competton  Model T – stll horseless carriage o By the tme US entered WWII, cars were shaped by concern for comfort and streamlining  As roads improved, speeds increased and require more power (151) o Motor #’s grew from the 20s to the 30s. The Social and Ecological Impact of Paved Roads (151-157)  Paris (1838), asphalt originally used to pave streets o Alternatve to medieval cobblestone o Granite blocks o Hard bricks o Macadam  Next 30 years, major cites (UK, FRA, BEL) adopted/experimented with asphalt paving.  Inventon of bicycle o ORI – Ofce of Road Inquiry  US had 300,000 km of rural roads (152) o Only 220km were paved  Enough cars on the roads to carry entre populaton of the country o Gas consumpton per car rose due to increased size of engines.  But also increased availability of roads made for more driving  Gas statons multplied in cites/countryside (153) o Milestone Mo-Tel  New accommodaton standards and increasing volume => Holiday Inn, Howard Johnson’s o McDonald’s  Drive-in restaurants, cinemas [1933] o Car was the new means of independence  Shopping malls grew in size (154)  Benefts of highways o US highway system planned to span 65,000 km o Eisenhower  Estmated that V.S now has over 6 million km of public roads o Consequence – ecological force Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 Roads divert streams and drainage, changing water tables. o Conduits for emission of CO2, ozone, smog, smaller quanttes of heavy metals and toxic dusts.  Dust is enough to kill lichens and mosses.  Richard Forman (156)  Estmated, that only 13% of fuel turns the wheels o Rest is lost as waste heat, fricton, and noise, or being used to power accessories or idling. The Human Use of Human Beings (157-159)  Ford System o Employees were given the jobs they seemed best fted for,  Scientfc racism  IQ (Intelligence Quotent) Test o W.stern argued mental age should be divided by chronological age o Test was concerned with identfying children who needed help (Binet) o Extended to immigrants and adults  Era of Eugenics (159) o Considered to be progressive (Francis Galton, Darwin’s cousin) o Endorsed by supreme court  Sterilizaton of dumb people?  Ford’s system tended to slot people into ready-made places (159) o Believed there were distnct types of people Chapter 9 – Mass Consumpton and Technology in Daily Life Domestc Technologies (161-164)  By 1900, delocalizaton of consumpton  Clipper ships, speed increased (tea)  Efectveness of postal service decreased  Domestc technologies constrain our behaviour from the tme we wake up o Raise expectatons (running water, fridge at home) o Changed daily habits (lightng, washing machines) o Fed our pastmes (photography, phonography, cinema, radio)  Edison-recording devices => dictatng machines for businessmen (162) o German-born Emis Berliner  By 1900, recording copies of original (duraton was limited)  First recording stars were born o Enrico Caruso  Longer pieces => symphonies  Edison – kinetoscope o Didn’t patent, because he fused a number of European innovatons to make it Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 1905 – the nickelodeons, 1 st specialized movie theatres o Vaudeville houses & tckets  Upscale movie palaces (163) o Decorated to target richer class of customers  US rose to global prominence as purveyor of flms with mass appeal o Supplied 85% of the worldwide flm market  Radio – equally important as means of communicaton and on entertainment  Telegraph reduced the tme required for point-to-point communicaton o Only telegraph operators only ones to really experience sense of visual presence  Once telephone was no longer marketed exclusively to pro’s and upper class  Radio was more fexible o wasn’t ted to wires Radio as Tecnhnoscience (164-167)  1913 – Scientfc American: 10 greatest inventons of the last 25 years. (164) o Existence of radio waves predicted by Maxwell o Hertz showed they could be detected  Research into radio was an internatonal efort o Lodge o Branly o Hertz o Popov o Chant o Marconi  Guglielmo Marconi (165) o Mentoned by RIghi o Argued in front of the government that his system could be used for communicaton (targeted Marine connecton) o Justfed his claims by grounding his antenna and patentng new tuning methods based on work done by Lodge.  How his transmiter produced signal  Prone to interfere other signals and easy to detect  Technoscience – mingling of scientfc and technological advances (each feeding of the other.) (166)  1 st corporate research laboratory in 1901 – GE (General Electric) (167)  RCA => TV  Marconi signing contracts  USESCO From Telegraphy to Telephony (168-170)  Wireless telegraphy = reality  December 1900 – Marconi achieved speech transmission by radio over a distance of 1 mile . Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 GE radio telephone  Voice messages – Lee De Forest  Spark based radios outclassed by diferent device using an electric arc to convert direct into alternatng current (DC => AC) (169)  During war, radio mainly used at sea, but also connect with planes o Canadian corps (truck-borne radios) From Fans to Formers (170-173)  Crystal radios, cheap and remained popular afer WWI  Radio sets boasted unprecedented advantages o Operatng expense lower (greater capital cost)  Amateurs were numerous in America (171) o Commercial broadcastng  Radio also adopted by farmers (172) o 1925 – availability of short-wave radio receives encouraged new users to try radio.  MTL, radio pioneer in Canada  Farmers in Canada, radio possession %  Radio o Start of a dematerializaton of the technological world  Other domestc entertainment tech ofen followed the same course of radio o Phonographs o Television o Stereo systems o Video cassete players o Downloadable movies o Television serials  Operatons of new technologies ofen demand a reliable supply of power o Increased load on the power grid Conclusions (173-175)  Domestc tech ofen sold on the grounds they’d make life easier (“for mother”) o Actual efect has allowed them to get more work done in the same amount of tme.  Radio and TV extended the reach of politcs, religion, and sports. Chapter 10 – The Atomic Age Planning and Preparing the Future (177-180)  New tech ushered into the society by the First World War.  North America – ads, pop fcton, forward-thinking visionaries proposed captvatng conceptons of the future (1939-1940 NY fair) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 NA tech – 18 th century Enlightenment  Realizaton that the present no longer resembled the past… (178)  The year 2000, o Victor Hugo o H.G. Wells o A year of omnipresent aerial transiton  Jules Verne  Engineering taught as art of designing, calculatng, and planning (179) o City engineers in charge of…  By WWII, # of large communites were built or being built o Vienna, Austria o Lyons, France o Montreal, Canada o Washington, DC  Appearance + message with regards to clothing in NA was important  First industrial designer employed by a large (AEG) company, Peter Behrens o Other notable designers:  Christopher dresser (1834-1904), infuenced by reform of Britsh decoratve arts  German Hermann Muthesius,  Created the ‘Deutscher Werkbund’  [1915] Design and Industries Associaton gathered all those involved w/ industrial design o 1937, UK had natonal register of industrial designers Design and Depression (180-185)  Depression made it imperatve for companies to diferentate the looks of their products.  1929 prices, output fell from $103.1 billion (1929) => $73.7 billion (1933) o Private constructon unemployment 3.2% (1929) => 25% (1933)  Unemployment Remained as high as 19% in 1938  1944, Society of Industrial Designers (16 pro designers)  Ebenezer Howard and the “garden city” (181) o Aimed to improve living conditons  Failed to convince people that it could accommodate the large #’s of people focking to cites… (182)  WWII’s dark infuence on science fcton o Post-apocalyptc-ish (nuclear bombs)  (1953) thermonuclear bomb test Bikini Atoll in the Pacifc o Scatered fallout contaminated a Japanese fshing vessel down wind from the site, dead crewan within days.  USA tried to push for the “peaceful possibilites” of atomic power  Eisenhower => IAEA and rules  Atoms for peace program (184) o Lewis J. Stadler Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 Radiaton breeding o Characterized by beter yields, taste, appearance, size resistance to disease or pets, or adaptatons to diferent climates or soils.  Dangers of radioactvity (185) o Before WWII, watches with luminescent dials led to use of radium in some cases  Workers paintng dials and cleaning them with fngers or lips, fell ill w/ various cancers o Sale of radioactve water as health drink led to widely publicized premature deaths.  Death from irradiaton in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Organizing Research (185- _)  Many 19 th century inventors had no formal educaton o Ofen experienced tnkerers  WW2 was pivotal (186) o Spurred both new research (jet propulsion, rocket propulsion, the nuclear bomb) o Systematc eforts to collect, examine, and apply old work  Radar, antbiotcs, new chemical insectcides, analog and electric computers o New research establishments were built up  (1940) – NDRC, OSRD (Vannevar Bush)  (1942-1943) – The Manhatan District Project  1945 – Vannevar pushed for creaton of a permanent government body able to fund and manage research in the natonal interest.  1946 – ONR (187)  US military oversaw a signifcant fracton of directed research  “iron triangle” critcized  Box 1 – Document: Prussian Militarism (Lloyd George) (188)  US. Government and universites  Box 2 – A sceptc speaks (189)  R&D funding from the government (US, graph on 191) o 189-191 (pg. #) From Coal Tar to Modern Plastcs (192- )  1930s, chemical company Dupont de Nemours used the slogan “Beter Things for Beter Living Through Chemistry”  1856, Britsh William Henry Perkin and German Willheim von Hofman o Discovered chemical synthesized from coal residues was able to impart to pieces of clothing a sof shade of purple (Mauve)  Dye was called aniline  Other artfcial dyes  By turn of 20 th century, atenton of chemists focused more on drugs, both old and new o Aspirin Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

o Synthetc morphine o Arsphenamine and chemo-Paul Ehrlich o Sulfanilamide (“sulfa drugs”) – Gerhard Domagk  Chemistry  beter explosives o “guncoton”  Dynamic origins (193)  Cellutoid – frst synthetc plastc  Bakelite – Leo Hendrik Baekeland  Inorganic synthesis of ammonia (fertlizer) (194) o Can be turned into nitrate  explosives  Nitrogen o How to “fx nitrogen”  “blooms” (195) Conclusion  US Water Quality Act (1965)  Walkerton Water Crisis  1962, Rachel Carson Silent Spring crystallized new generaton’s doubts o Created in large part the modern environmental consciousness Chapter 11 – Remote Control: The Informaton Revoluton  First expensive computers o Inspired as many hopes as fears due to government control The Origins of Computng (197 - )  1 st computers were humans o The ‘computus’  Up to 18 th century, computatonally challenging problems arose from astronomy (datng, tmekeeping navigate)  Calculaton of a new date for the return of Halley’s Comet (198)  End of 18 th century, became commonplace for skilled mathematcians to break down a problem into a series of simpler steps From Mechanical to Electronic Computers: Calculators (198-200)  17th century, frst calculatng machines o French Blaise Pascal (mathematcian, + & -) (199)  G.W. Lelbniz could also multply and divide.  ‘arithmometer’, Charles X. Thomas (French mechanic) o Gave rise to commercially useful calculators  Herman Hollerith o Census tabulator (1884) o Hollerith’s Tabulatng Machine Company (200) Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 Mathematcally speaking, did litle except add Mechanical Computers (200-201)  Charles Babbage o Diference Engine design o Analytcal Engine  Incorporated key elements of the architecture of programmable calculators  Swedish Printer, George Scheutz and his son (201) o Built an engine modeled afer the Diference Engine  Tabulated values corresponding to a general law up to 16 digits, but only printed 8 digits  Capable of increasing the 8 th digit by 1 i.e., the 9 th digit > 5  Computed and typeset at 25 digits per minute (able to go faster)  Contemporary typeseter calculated o Scheutz machine might save 18 pounds 4 shillings per page of logarithmic tables, nearly 60hrs of work for the same page.  Bulk of savings can be atributed to replacement by the gears of the machine of the highly skilled computers who pulled together the calculatons performed by all the other computers The Road to Electronic Computers (201-204)  Thomas Edison discovered that if an evacuated bulb…  John Ambrose Fleming o Diode  Lee DeForest o Triode  audion (marketng reasons)  Edwin H. Armstrong, Columbia University o If a current produced by a plate was fed back into the grid, signal was greatly amplifed. o Discovered it was possible to turn a vacuum tube into a transmiter (patented) (202)  Improved slide rule by André Mannheim  “slipstcks” (slide rules) o More portable than the gear-driven mechanical calculators descended from the machines of Leibniz  Curta pocket mech. Calculator  Modern electronic computers only born during WWII (203)  Cryptography  1 st electronic computers used vacuum tubes (ENIAC, 1945-46’) 17k tubes  Howard Aiken, IBM o Harvard Mk 1 Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 Other computng engines (US, GER, GB) Electronic Computers in Canada (204-205)  First electronic computers designed for large-scale computaton  U of T computaton center  Ferut (Ferrant at U of T) (205) o Used for design of Avro Arrow  Toronto trafc control system  Replaced by IBM 650 (1958)  1962 – IBM 7090  Calvin Gotlieb From Virtual Space to Cyberspace (206-208)  VR, Suzanne K. Langer o Ivan Sutherland – creaton of a virtual world (CAD) (207)  William Gibson (cyberspace) – Neuromancer (208) From Mainframes to the Internet (208-)  Electronic computers – 3 historical phases  1945 – beginning of 70s o Computers were mainframes  1954 SAGE – 55k vacuum tubes, hundreds of radar statons  Replacement of vacuum tubes by solid-state transistors  Bell’s issues with vacuum tube triodes o 1939, atempt to replicate triode using a semiconductor (Bratain and Schockley)  Fairchild Electronics 1957 (Robert Noyce)  Noyce and Moore – Intel microchips  Texas Instruments o Regency  Electronic calculators – Robert Ragen (209)  1 st pocket scientfc calculator – Hewlet Packard  Inventon of microprocessors  1 st personal computers o Apple I  Internet and graphic browsers (210) Chapter 12 – Modern Technology and the Ecological Threshold The Rise of an Environmental Sensibility (211-215)  English school of garden  Romantc Age launched by 1798 (212) o William Wordsworth o Samuel Taylor Coleridge Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

 Celebrated beautes of the natural landscape o When before, the wilderness was feared  Railways, canals, and turnpikes made it possible to reach areas that’d once been remote from populaton centres  US atributes changed regarding wilderness, 19 th century (213)  Doubts about wisdom of clear-cutng (214) o US congress created Forest Reserves in 1891  Forest Service  Stephen Mather  Led fght to establish park s that’d answer the hopes of strict conversatonists  Canada – Banf Park o James Harkin o Logging, huntng, and mining allowed untl 1930 Death and Destructon (215-216)  War of 1812 (US and GB) o Weaponry was mostly unchanged since 18 th century  War of independence, David Bushnell (small submarine) o Featured few military innovatons  1 excepton: GB rockets against Fort McHenry (1814) made by William Congreve (“rockets’ red glare”) o US Civil War (1861 – 1865)  Long guns were known to be superior  1814, Joshua Shaw  percussion cap  Rifing became easier  Springfeld rifes efectve at least 350m. (216) o Breechloaders and repeaters  Calvary became pointless without supportng artllery fre o Balloons were used in the air o Steamboats and ironclad ships at sea (limited)  WWI o Canada – horses o Rifes, machine guns, steel cannons, bombs from the air, poison gas The Vanishing Substance of Technologies (216-)  Canada – Syncrude mine tapping the Athabasca tar sands is the world’s largest mine (by surface area) o 30 gigatonnes  Roger Hooke (Geomorphologist) – University of Maine o Humans move more of the planet’s crustal material than any other single known process (earth, sand, rock) (217)  Bulldozers  30 gigatonnes of bedrock shifed by oceanic mountain building… Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200

o Silt  Same goes for global warming o Human release of CO2 o Christmas tree bulbs  Atmospheric CO2, 800 years  Less room for wildlife o Human tampering  Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer o Anthropocene (218)  Miasma theory  Taylorism and Fordism, discrete  Radio, elusive  Jacques Tat’s Playtme (1967)  20 th century electronics relied on impalpable electron (219)  Inventon of transistor o Replaced vacuum tubes  Radioactvity contaminaton Elusive Technologies and Disillusionment (219 - )  Growing estrangement between technologies and their users o Steam engine, locomotve, automobile, bicycle  Risks harder to grasp o Vaccine o Assurances of engineers and experts Downloaded by Samuel Mussie (samuelmussie.sm@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7817200