Chapter 39

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Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Natural selection involves energetic trade - offs between which of the following? A) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care B) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live C) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization D) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care E) the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide Answer: D 2) Salmon are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following? A) acclimatization B) natural selection C) adaptation D) trade - off Answer: A 3) Your professor announces he has discovered a new species of bird that feeds mostly on worms and soft - bodied insects picked up from the ground and off of leaves. Based on this information, what shape of beak would you predict for this bird? A) long and narrow like tweezers B) medium - sized and very strong C) wide and curved like a scoop D) deep and powerful Answer: A 4) What is the stratified epithelium composed of? A) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane B) alternating layers of thick and thin cells C) multiple layers of cells, stacked from the basolateral side to the apical side D) a single layer of cells of variable height E) squamous cells overlying cuboidal cells Answer: C 5) Epithelial tissues have polarity, with an apical side that faces the environment and a basolateral side that faces the interior of the animal. Because of the harsh environmental exposure on the apical side, epithelial cells have a short life span of 2 - 6 days. Which of the following is the most likely reason that the tissue as a whole does not wear away, despite the short life spans of the cells? A) The epithelial tissue is unusually thick. B) The tissue has cells that actively undergo mitosis and cytokinesis to replace the lost cells. C) The degraded tissue is recycled and restored to its original site. D) New cells are transported in the blood to the site where old cells have worn away. Answer: B 1
6) What does the large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitate? A) secretion B) filtration C) elimination D) absorption E) temperature regulation Answer: D 7) Epithelial cells have multiple functions. They may have different structures on one of their surfaces compared to their opposite surface. What property of these cells allows them to undergo these various functions? A) Epithelial cells are polar. B) Epithelial cells have an apical membrane and a basolateral membrane. C) Epithelial cells have different proteins in different parts of their cell membrane. D) Only A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are all true. Answer: E 8) A behavioural physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. In a trial, a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of time and the blood pH is measured. The blood pH drops as carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream. Which component of the homeostatic feedback system is responsible for determining whether the blood pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary? A) effector B) integrator C) assimilator D) sensor Answer: B 9) Which class of tissue has many different types and functions in humans dictated by the unique extracellular matrix surrounding that tissue? A) muscle B) nervous C) epithelial D) connective E) none of the above Answer: D 10) Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology? A) The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume. B) The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles, and triple as its surface area triples. C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. D) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass. Answer: C 11) An elephant and a mouse are both running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster? A) They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount. B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface area/volume ratio. C) The elephant will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio. D) The mouse will because it has the lower surface area/volume ratio. Answer: D 2
12) Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this trend? A) The young of these animals are much more active than the adult. B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need. C) The young have a higher basal metabolic rate. D) Relative to their surface area, the young have more volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time. Answer: B 13) A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (a small mouse - like mammal). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement? A) House in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed. B) House in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a warmer room than the room where housed. C) House in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a colder room than the room where housed, and exercise the voles. D) House in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed. Answer: D 14) Which one of the following is not a good strategy for increasing the surface area relative to the volume? A) Enlarge and make more spherical. B) Make flatter. C) Increase the amount of folding. D) Increase the amount of branching. E) None of these are good strategies. Answer: A 15) How do the epithelial tissues covering organisms contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis? A) They act as a barrier to create an internal environment different from the external environment. B) They regulate the exchange of ions between the body and the environment. C) They help to prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment. D) All of the above answers apply. E) Only A and C apply. Answer: D 16) Which of the following is not a function of an effector in the homeostatic regulation of temperature in mammals? A) constriction of skin blood vessels to decrease heat loss B) shivering to generate heat in muscles C) comparing sensory input to the set point D) stimulating sweat glands to increase evaporation E) both A and D Answer: C 3
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