LYMPH AND IMMUNE SYSTEM WB OLA (6)
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The Lymphatic System and
Body Defenses
The lymphatic system, with its many lymphoid organs and vessels derived from veins of the cardiovascular system, is a rather strange system. Although both types of organs help to maintain homeostasis, these two elements of the lymphatic system have substantially different roles. The lymphatic vessels keep the cardiovascular system functional by maintaining blood volume. The lymphoid organs help defend the body from pathogens by providing operating sites for phagocytes and cells of the immune system.
The immune system, comprising the body's specific defense system
, is a unique functional system made up of billions of individual cells, most of which are lymphocytes. The sole function of this defensive system is to protect the body against an incredible array of pathogens. In general, these "enemies" fall into three major camps: (1) microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that have gained entry into the body, (2) foreign tissue cells that have been transplanted (or, in the case of red blood cells, infused) into the body, and (3) the body's own cells that have become cancerous. The result of the immune system's activities is immunity, or specific resistance to disease. The body is also protected by a number of nonspecific defenses provided by intact surface membranes such as skin and mucosae, and by a variety of cells and chemicals that can quickly mount an attack against foreign substances. The specific and nonspecific defenses enhance each other's effectiveness. Chapter 12 tests your understanding of the functional roles of the various lymphatic system elements, and both the
nonspecific and specific body defenses.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphatic Vessels
1
. Complete the following statements by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Although the cardiovascular system has a pump (the heart) and arteries, veins, and capillaries, the lymphatic system lacks two of these structures: the (1)
and (2)
. Like the (3)
of the cardiovascular system, the
vessels of the lymphatic system are equipped with (4)
to prevent backflow. The lymphatic vessels act primarily to pick up leaked fluid, now called (5)
, and return it to the bloodstream. About (6)
of the fluid is returned every 24 hours.
2
. Figure 12-1 provides an overview of the lymphatic vessels. In part A, the relationship between lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system is depicted schematically. Part B shows the different types of lymphatic vessels in a simple way. Label these specific structures in part B:
A. Lymph capillaries
C. Lymphatic collecting vessels
E. Valves
B. Lymph duct
D. Lymph node
F. Vein
3. Highlight the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.
1. Blood capillary Lymph capillary
Blind-ended
Permeable to proteins
2. Edema
Blockage of lymphatics
Elephantiasis
Inflammation Abundant supply of lymphatics
3. Skeletal muscle pump
Flow of lymph
Respiratory pump
High-pressure gradient
Action of smooth muscle cells in walls of lymph vessels
4. Minivalves
Endothelial cell overlap
Impermeable
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymph Nodes and Other Lymphoid Organs
4. Match the terms in Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A. More than one choice may apply
in some cases.
Column A
Column B
1. The largest lymphatic organ; a blood reservoir
A. Lymph Nodes
2. Filter lymph
B. Peyer’s patches
3. Particularly large and important during youth; C. Spleen
produces hormones that help to program the immune system D. Thymus 4. Collectively called MALT
5. Removes aged and defective red blood cells
E. Tonsils
6. Prevents bacteria from breaching the intestinal wall
5. Figure 12-2 depicts several different lymphoid organs. Label all lymphoid organs indicated by a leader line (red text boxes) and label (blue text boxes) the sites where the axillary, cervical, and inguinal lymph nodes
would be located.
Color the lymphoid organs as you like, and then shade in light green the portion of the body
that is drained by the right lymphatic duct (done).
6. Figure 12-3 is a diagram of a lymph node. First, using the terms with color coding circles, learn all structures in black labels on the diagram that have leader lines.
Color those structures as well. Then, add arrows to the diagram
to show the direction of lymph flow through the organ (done). Circle the region that would approximately correspond to the medulla of the organ (done
). Finally, answer the questions that follow.
1. Which cell type is found in greatest abundance in the germinal centers?
2. What is the function of their daughter cells, the plasma cells?
3. What major cell type in cortical areas other than the germinal centers?
4. The third important cell type in lymph nodes (usually found clustered around the medullary sinuses) are the _________________________________. These cells act as capsule
Afferent lymphatic
trabeculae
Subscapular sinus
cortex
Germinal center
Medullary sinus
medullary cord
hilus
Efferent lymphatics
5. Of what importance is the fact that there are fewer efferent than afferent lymphatics associated with lymph nodes?
6. What structures assure that one-way flow of lymph through the node?
7. The largest collections of lymph nodes are found in what three body regions?
8. What is the general function of lymph nodes?
BODY DEFENSES
Nonspecific Body Defenses
7. The three major elements of the body’s nonspecific defense system
are: the (1) , consisting of the skin and _____________________ ; defensive cells, such as (2) _____________________ and phagocytes; and a whole deluge of (3) _____________________ .
8. Indicate the sites of activity or the secretions of the nonspecific defenses by writing the correct terms in the answer blanks.
1.
Lysosome is found in the body
secretions
called and 2.
Fluids with an acid pH are found in the and 1.
2.
3.
3.
Sebum is a product of the glands and acts at the surface of the 4.
Mucus is produced by glands found in the respiratory and system mucosae.
9. Highlight the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.
1.
Redness Pain
Swelling Itching
Heat
2.
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
3.
Inflammatory chemicals
Histamine
Kinins
Interferon
4.
Intact skin
Intact mucosae
Inflammation
First line of defense
5.
Interferons
Antiviral
Antibacterial
Proteins
10. Match the terms in Column B with the descriptions of the nonspecific defenses of the body
in Column A. More than one choice may apply.
Column A
Column B
1. Have antimicrobial activity
A. Acids
2. Provide mechanical barriers
B. Lysozyme
3. Provide chemical barriers
C. Mucosae
4. Entraps microorganisms
D. Mucus
entering the respiratory
E. Protein-digesting enzymes
passages
F. Sebum
5. Part of the first line of defense
G. Skin
11. Describe the protective role of cilia in the respiratory tract.
12. Define phagocytosis
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Related Questions
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Goal
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ASSIGNMENT #7
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proteins
The lymphatic system serves to collect excess
and
system, more specifically through the
veins in the shoulders.
return it to the
digestive
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Once tissue fluid has entered the lymphatic vessels, it is called
valves
lymphatic
lymph
The movement of lymph within the vessels is dependent on
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at the
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True or false
Lymph nodes are equally distributed around the body.
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Lymph contains few white blood cells
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maintain blood pressure
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Group of answer choices
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The endothelial cells are anchored by filaments to the surrounding structures
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the vessels of the lymphatic system form a closed loop
the lymphatic system absorbs excess fluids from the tissue fluid
the lymphatic vessels can be found within capillary beds
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lymphatic vessels have a structure similar to veins
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the entire right side of the body
only the right side of the head and neck and right upper limb
O the right side of the thorax, right upper limb, and right side of the head and neck
only the right side of the thorax
the right side of the thorax, the abdomen, and the right lower and the right upper limbs
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1. reticular cells
2. macrophages
3. B lymphocytes
4. T lymphocytes
Choose from the following:
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(B) 1, 2, and 4
(C) 2, 3, and 4
(D) 1, 3, and 4
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Macrophages arise from the same cell as dendritic cells
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Question 9 options:
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Return interstitial fluid and protein to the blood
Filter and destroy unwanted material from the body fluids
Initiate an immune response
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Colouring, labelling and matching
1. Fig, 6.1 shows the main structures of the
lymphatic system. Label the structures
indicated using the key choices listed.
Left subclavian vein
Key choices:
Inguinal nodes
Lymphatic vessels of the lower limb
Palatine tonsil
Thoracic duct (twice)
Right subcvien vein
Lymph follicles of the small intestine
(Peyer's patches)
Submandibular nodes
Cisterna chyli
Intestinal nodes
Large intestine
Axillary nodes
Right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic vessels of the upper limb
Iliac nodes
Popliteal nodes
Cervical nodes
2. On Fig. 6.1, colour and label the spleen, red bone
marrow of the right femur and the thymus gland
different colours, using the key below.
O Spleen
O hymus gland
O Red bone marrow
O Area drained by the
O Area drained by the
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spleen
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Red pulp
Lymph node
Thoracic duct
Cisterna chili
Afferent vessel
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph
Medullary cords
Efferent vessel
White pulp
: drains lymph node.
: lymphocytes deep in node.
: saclike region of the thoracic duct.
: empties into right subclavian vein.
: splenic tissue containing red blood cells.
: full of macrophages and lymphocytes.
empties into left subclavian vein.
: lymphocytes surrounding central arteries.
: fluid in lymph vessels.
: empties into lymph node.
Reset
Help
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Part E - Characteristics of Lymphocytes
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View Available Hint(s)
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blood
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eosinophil
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8
2
9
10
Vajatel
5
6
сл
7
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