LAB 6
pdf
School
Chemeketa Community College *
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Course
232
Subject
Biology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
13
Uploaded by LieutenantSquirrel3921
Activity
1:
Microscopes
1-1:
Dissecting
microscopes
Dissecting
microscopes,
also
known
as
stereo
microscopes,
are
used
during
dissections
to
see
a
detailed
view
of
the
organs
revealed
during
a
dissection.
These
microscopes
are
most
useful
for
observing
the
surface
of
specimens
at
a
relatively
low
magnification.
1.
o
Place
the
metric
ruler
on
the
stage
of
the
dissecting
microscope
and
focus
using
the
focusing
knob
on
the
side
of
the
body.
Use
the
magnification
dial
on
the
top
or
the
side
of
the
microscope
to
adjust
to
the
lowest
power
(widest
field
of
view).
What
power
is
the
microscope
at
now?
Record
your
measurement
of
the
field
of
view
diameter
in
mm
in
the
table
below.
Now
adjust
the
magnification
to
the
highest
power
and
measure
the
field
of
view
diameter
in
mm.
'
Convert
the
measurements
to
pum.
1mm=1000um
View
the
letter
“e”
slide
with
the
label
in
the
upright
position.
View
it
in
the
dissecting
microscope
on
the
lowest
power
and
the
highest
power.
Add
drawings
to
the
provided
spaces
below.
Use
the
dissecting
scope
to
view
the
objects
available
at
your
table,
on
your
person
(like
fingers,
license,
dollar
bill),
or
collect
items
from
around
campus
(leaves,
bugs,
flowers)
to
view
under
the
dissecting
microscope.
Questions
1.
Complete
the
table
below.
Magnification
Diameter
(field
of
view)
|
Diameter
(field
of
view)
"
mm
Hm
Di
ting
Mi
LowestPower
|
A0
5
e
00
UM
e
e
L
L
J100n
2.
Draw
the
letter
“e”
in
the
circles
provided
under
section
1-3,
accurately
representing
how
much
of
the
field
of
view
the
“e”
takes
up
at
the
various
magnifications.
1-2:
Compound
Microscope
Overview
Microscopes
are
fragile
and
expensive,
and
we
want
to
maintain
them
in
good
working
order.
Your
instructor
will
walk
you
through
a
tutorial
on
how
to
handle
the
microscope,
understand
its
parts,
and
explain
their
functions.
1
Microscope
Introduction
a.
Caring
for
the
microscope
and
proper
storage
b.
Parts
and
functions
c.
Cleaning
slides
and
lenses,
situating
the
slide
d.
Locating
objects
at
different
magnifications
Label
OQ\)
Make
sure
you
can
identify
the
following
parts
and
explain
what
they
do:
e
Arm
Base
Nosepiecej
Stage
/
Stage
clip
(slide
holder)
¥
Stage
controls
Course
adjustmentj
%
Fine
adjustment
QQ‘(\(\S})‘\CD
Ocular
lenses
(x2)¥
Objective
lenses
(x3)
¥
Condenser
Lamp
/
Brightness
adjusterJ
o5
Questions
1.
What
kinds
of
things
do
you
need
to
be
aware
of
to
make
sure
you
don't
damage
your
microscope?
Weing
14
v
ay
i
¢
pose
2.
When
lookifg
at
a
slide
with*maximum
magnification,
the
objective
lenses
should
always
be
used
in
what
order?
(name
the
lens
and
give
the
magnification)
Led
i
.0
\iQ\\DW
A0
x
Blue
Hdx
3.
What
tools
does
the
microscope
have
to
regulate
how
much
light
passes
through
the
specimen?
bh%h
n
0Y
O\\m
e
oo
d
56}:
4
Questions
.
Complete
the
drawings
of
the
letter
“e”
below.
*"”’\)
e
N
|
K
S
sk
NS
Dlssa;tmg
microscope
Naked
eye
S
L
e
40x
total
100x
total
|
400x
total
magnification
magnification
magnification
2.
What
happens
to
the
orientation
(not
the
magnification)
of
the
letter
“e”
when
it
is
viewed
in
the
compound
microscope
as
opposed
to
with
the
naked
eye?
11
oecornes
)
ppe
cl
1-4
Magnification,
field
of
view,
and
depth
of
field
You
have
already
examined
several
differences
in
magnification
by
looking
at
the
letter
when
you
increase
the
magnification
of
an
object,
you
can
see
less
of
that
object.
Or,
in
a
more
scientific
term,
your
field
of
view
decreases
as
magnification
increases.
Also
notice
that
when
you
use
a
lower
magnification,
you
can
see
most
of
the
depth
of
the
object
in
focus
at
the
same
time.
When
magnification
is
increased,
only
smaller
depths
of
the
object
can
be
focused
on
at
the
same
time.
This
means
that
the
depth
of
field
is
decreased
when
magnification
increases.
We'll
explore
these
phenomena
further
with
this
activity.
‘e”.
You
have
seen
that
1.
Observe
the
magnification
marked
on
the
eyepiece
and
each
of
the
three
objective
lenses.
Record
these
values
in
the
table
below.
Calculate
the total
magnification
by
multiplying
the
objective
magnification
times
the
ocular
magnification.
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2.
To
measure
the
field
of
view:
use
the
4x
(scanning)
objective.
Place
a
clear
metric
ruler
under
the
stage
clip
so
you can see
the
markings
on
the
metric
side
of
the
ruler
and
measure
the
diameter
of
the
field
of
view
in
mm.
Record
the
value
in
the
table
below.
Now
measure
the
field
of
view
with
the
10x
objective
and
record
that
value
as
well.
You
will
not
be
able
to
directly
measure
the
field
of
view
for
the
40x
objective.
_
To
calculate
the
field
of
view
for
the
40x
objective,
we
can use
this
ratio
between
magnification
and
field
of
view
diameter:
)
Lower
power
maghification
Higher
power
diameter
Higher
power
magnification
|
gwer
power
diameter
A
For
example,
if
we
measured
the
10x
field
of
view
diameter
to
be
3mm,
we
could
solve
for
the
40x
field
of
view
diameter
as
shown
below:
10x
High
power
diameter
40x
Simplify
this
.~
fraction
3%rim
N
3mm
x
0.25
=
high
power
diameter
0.75mm
=
high
power
diameter
Muiiiply
both
sides
by
3mm
4.
When
usihg
compound
microscopes,
it's
more
typical
to
use
micrometers
(um)
to
measure
objects.
Convert
the
field
of
view
diameter
to
pm.
5.
To
observe
how
depth
of
field
changes,
we
will
use
the
crossed-threads
slide.
Use
the
4x
objective
to
focus
on
the
point
where
the
three
threads
cross.
Can
you
see
all
three
threads
clearly?
Refocus
on
this
point
using
the
10x
and
the
40x
objectives.
Are
all
three
threads
still
equally
clear?
Answer
the
questions
below
about
the
depth
of
field.
Questions
1.
Complete
the
table
below:
Name
of
lens
Magnification
Diameter
(field
|
Diameter
(field
of
view)
mm
of
view)
pm
Objective
Ocular
Total
Scanning
A
LO
¢
“0
0
00|
HODOKM
Lowpover__|
10
0,
[109
_
[7.00mm
[2000
™
High
power
V\O
{O)g
4*100
O“@W\m
60@
\/\YY\
:
A—
2.
Without
using
a
ruler,
how
could
you use
the
above
information
to
figure
out
how
big
in
pm
the
“e”
is
from
the
previous
activity?
Use
your
drawmgs
to
ewte
the
snze
of
the
letter
“e”
jn
Compmre,
e
€
YYACA
v
e
|
k
3.
Is
it
‘as
clear
to
focus
on
all
three
threads
at
the
400x
total
magnification
as
it
is
at
the
40x
total
magnification?
If
not,
why?
/Ar\’
\o
0+
\{\
A
’/f
O
X
€
O
X,
o
Comn
u.z
oNn
1
\(\é/
+ho:
»eigig
oA
o
HODx
1ts
W‘\Ove
ddfr@&“
Pocosed
4.
What
is
the
order
of
the
colored
threads
on
the
slide?
Top
v
€c
Middle
|
,Ulow
Bottom
0|
v
€
5.
What
can
you
conclude
about
the
size
of
the
field
of
view
in
relation
to
magnification?
e
field
view
g
solley
e
Wigheye
g
MOAANA
caa
0N
ety
6.
What'can
you
conc
ude
about
the
depth
of
field
in
relation
to
magnification?
}
0S
mO\
™
Hecahon
cjoes
VP
|
\(éQ,
N
ACYEeas
e
_
Activity
Observmg
prepared
and
live
specimens
It
is
helpful
to
observe
fresh
specimens
in
order
to
view
things
that
only
happen
in
living
cells.
Some
cells
move
through
their
environment.
Others
show
a
cycling
of
their
cytoplasm.
Still
others
show
metabolic
changes,
particularly
if
effective
dyes
or
indicators
are
used.
“Prepared”
slides
that
have
been
stored
in
a
cabinet
cannot
show
such
behaviors.
Prepared
slides
are
useful
when
studying
the
structures
of
organisms
or
tissues.
Keep
in
mind
that
when
looking
at
prepared
slides,
these
are
often
stained
in
order
to
make
the
cells
or
specimen
visible.
The
color
something
appears
in
a
prepared
slide
is
not
always
its
true
color
if
it
were
living.
Most
cells
are
small
and
must
be
magnified
100x
or
more
to
be
clearly
seen.
Additionally,
it
may
be
useful
to
use
dyes
or
stains
when
looking
at
live
specimens,
otherwise
the
cells
appear
as
gray
blobs.
Specific
dyes
are
absorbed
by
certain
parts
of
the
cell.
For
instance,
the
cell
nucleus
often
stains
a
dark
color.
This
isn’t
because
the
nucleus
is
darker
than
the
rest
of
the
cell,
it
just
absorbs
more
of
the
stain,
making
it
more
visible.
It
is
also
helpful
to
regulate
the
light
when
looking
at
both
live
and
prepared
specimens.
Use
the
light
adjustment
knob
and
the
condenser
knob
to
change
the
amount
of
light
that
comes
through
and
the
contrast
of
the
image.
This
will
make
parts
of
the
cell,
like
the
cell
wall,
stand
out.
Cells
Cells
are
the
simplest
individual
units
of
life,
and
humans
are
made
of
several
trillion
of
them
working
together
-
to
create
a
functional
organism.
You
will
need
to
understand
the
structure
of
cells
and
functions
of
organelles
forever,
so
learn
them
now.
There
are
two
major
categories
of
cells:
prokaryotic
cells
like
bacteria
are
relatively
small
with
a
simpler
internal
structure,
and
gukaryotic
cells
which
comprise
protozoa,
animal,
plant
and
fungal
cells.
Eukaryotic
cells
are
much
larger
and
contain
nuclei
and
membrane-bound
organelles.
Cells
come
in
a
surprising
variety
of
shapes
and
sizes
and
carry
out
very
diverse
functions,
yet
are
all
made
of
the
same
core
parts:
Plasma
membrane
-
Cells
are
enclosed
by
a
border
called
the
plasma
membrane,
made
of
a
phospholipid
bilayer
with
embedded
proteins
and
attached
carbohydrates.
This
controls
the
water
level,
the
electrical
charge,
what
enters
and
exits,
and
regulates
chemical
reactions.
The
plasma
membrane
is
actually
too
thin
to
see
with
a
light
microscope,
but
we
can
assume
it
is
at
the
outer
edge
of
the
cell.
The
membrane
can
be
directly
visualized
with
electron
microscopy.
Cytoplasm
-
The
interior
of
the
cell
contains
the
organelles
that
carry
out
cell
functions,
and
a
viscous
liquid
called
cytosol
that
helps
hold
things
in
place
and
:
provides
a
medium
through
which
molecules
can
move.
“Nusiear
envelope:
i
o
L
f
:
.
membrane
enclosing
mitotic
spindle
and
The
combination
of
the
cytosol
and
organelles
is
the
the
nucleus.
Protein-lined
FaINTAIR
CTHH0s:
cytoplasm.
Organelles
are
generally
too
small
to
see
potes
ian"g;"v
d"éitte"a‘
o
Centrosome:
microtubule-
f
.
.
g
g
organizing
center.
Wl.th
a
light
microscope,
.but
we
can
L.lse
electron
Chro(:'na?t‘;:
D'j%
plus
e
microscopes
to
resolve
images
detailed
enough
to
xSt
=
AOEIS:
fibrous
proteins
that
hoid
Nucleolus:
.
organelles
in
place.
show
organelle
structure.
@%’é‘:fififggfii’?sn
Microfilaments:
fibrous
proteins;
o
are
formed.
form
the
cellufar
Nucleus
-
The
large,
darkly
staining
structure
easily
cortex
seen
in
most
eukaryotic
cells
is
the
nucleus.
Prokaryotic
peroxisome:
cells
do
not
have
a
nucleus
or
membrane-bound
etholzes
organelles.
The
nucleus
stores
and
protects
the
DNA
and
is
enclosed
by
the
nuclear
envelope.
In
humans,
the
DNA
is
divided
into
46
pieces
called
chromosomes.
Unless
cells
are
dividing
the
individual
chromosomes
Endoplasmic
are
not
visible,
and
the
DNA
is
spread
out
in
a
relatively
~eticulum
Rough:
associated
ing
called
chromatin.
with
ribosomes;
loose cloud
of
string
il
dhosomen
-
membrane
proteins.
Smooth:
makes
lipids.
Plasma
membrane
Lysosome:
digests
food
and
waste
materials.
Golgi
apparatus:
modifies
proteins.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria:
produce
energy.
Activity
2-1:
Prepared
Slides
Questions
Skeletal
muscle—
Label
the
cell
membrane,
nucleus,
cytoplasm.
Continue
practicing
with
the
microscope
by
examining
the
following
plant
and
animal
cell
slides.
Notice
the
variation
in
the
shapes
and
sizes
of
the
cells,
and
that
some
cells
may
have
extra
or
missing
features.
Draw
your
observations
at
high
power,
and
label
the
cell
membrane,
nucleus,
cytoplasm
and any
other
distinguishing
features.
Label
drawings
with
the
slide
name
and
maghnification,
and
answer
the
questions.
1.
How
would
you
describe
the
shape
of
these
cells?
How
do
you
relate
the
shape
of
the
cells
to
the
function
of
this
tissue?
N
_W\OYQ
c(vml\
shicet
\ice
Moo
Sim
olece
ok
QG’%\(}‘L@‘V&
T
v'e
e
~
"*""q{\
-
‘A:./’
|
;
menoang/
0
AV\Y\LUB
\/\L\D
Cony
Y
(7\(;}’\
?
Ske»letai
.musc(ge
\C'\}\,X'\Y\(;))
@Y‘B
P{,rfi
e
|
Total
mag_L{(
:
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Onion
cells:
Label
the
cell
wall,
cell
membrane
(you
cannot
see
it
but
you
can
tell
where
it
is),
cytoplasm,
and
nucleus.
2.
Plant
cells
have
cell
walls
that
animal
cells
do
not.
From
what
you
know
about
the
differences
between
plant
and
animal
behavior,
what
do
cell
walls
allow
plants
to
do
that
would
be
bad
for
animals?
T
cey
wall
AA\owWS
%Y'Jr
MO
ructiule
metEtng
|
\Lss
£Uoxi
ol
Tty
wotd
e
oo
HAr
animma
ls
ao
“fmz,b
WOUIA
Y
e
aiple
1D
Ve
Luna
(simple
squamous
epithelium)
-
Label
the
cell
membrane,
nucleus
and
cytoplasm.
3.
These
cells
are
flat
and
exposed
to
gasses,
why?
How
do
these
cell
shapes
allow
lung
cells
to
perform
their
primary
function?
Y
¢
RXPOSSeol
4o
QOSY
O
%
OXQGgon
.
e
AP
N
e
RICFACE,
Cur
a,
\r\b\PmQ
Collzct
Move
oy
4.
Find
a
blood
vessel
(ask
the
instructor).
The
body
has
Lung
many
tubes
like
blood
vessels.
You
are
looking
at
a
cross
Total
mag
1)
section
of
a
blood
vessel.
Explain
and
draw
a
cross
section
ofatube.
+ing
|
2
m\(‘v’
\/\?
o\l
owJ
o
Secnon
RS
\o-
(@)
C@\\(\V%
ol
ook
4\0\0@
Sperm
-
Label
the
cell
membrane,
nucleus,
and
flagella.
5.
Sperm
are
tiny
compared
to
the
egg.
From
what
you
know
about
the
function
of
the
sperm,
how
is
this
cell
specialized
for
its
function?
\©
Na
T
Flageila
P
The
Cptrm
SWwim
:
(::
J
Sperm
Total
mag
H
Q
S
Blood
-
Label
the
reb
and
white blood
cells.
On
the
white
blood
cells
label
the
cell
membrane,
cytoplasm,
and
nucleus
(it's
a
weird
shaped
one!).
On
the
red
blood
cells
label
the
cell
membrane.
6.
Mature
red
blood
cells
do
not
have
nuclei.
From
what
you
know
about
the
function
of
red
blood
cells,
why
would
it
be
beneficial
that
they
would
lack
a
nucleus?
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Activity
2-2:
Fresh
Slides
Procedure
-
In
this
section
you
will
prepare
two
of
your
own
slides
and
draw
your
findings.
These
are
wet
mount
slides,
meaning
they
contain
liquid
and
will
need
to
be
covered
with
a
small
plastic
square
called
a
coverslip.
Wet
mounts
may
use
flat
glass
slides
or
depression
slides.
All
biological
materials
should
be
disposed
of
in
bleach
beakers.
Thoroughly
wash
your
hands
at
the
end
of
the
activity.
1.
Pond
water
-
Pipette
a
small
amount
of
pond
water
onto
a
depression
slide,
and
cover
it
with
a
coverslip.
Observe
and
draw
your
slide
under
high
power.
You
may
see
a
large
variety
of
microorganisms,
including
protozoa,
nematodes,
hydras,
and
amoebae,
algae
and
small
animals.
2.
Epithelial
cheek
cell
(sub
sheep
blood,
elodea,
or
human
hair
if
necessary)
-
Obtain
a
flat
slide,
toothpick,
and
coverslip,
and
liquid
methylene
blue.
Gently
swab
the
inside
of
your
cheek
to
smear
off
some
of
the
stratified
squamous
epithelial
cells
that
line
the
cavity.
Wipe
them
on
the
slide,
add
a
small
drop
of
methylene
blue,
and
the
coverslip.
Make
sure
to
dispose
of
materials
appropriately.
Questions
1.
Draw
and
label
the
live
specimens
observed.
If
possible,
label
the
cytoplasm,
cell
membrane,
and
the
nucleus.
2.
Use
the
technique
from
the
letter
“e”
to
estimate
the
size
of
one
cell
from
each
live
specimen.
Specimen
2
Total
mag_\
0
O
3.
What
are
the
benefits
and
disadvantages
of
both
prepared
and
live
sample
slides?
Make
sure
to
_include
the
type
of
information
you
can
gather
fromeach.
TN
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Activity
2-3:
Oil
Immersion
Lens
Procedure
-
Observe
the
instructor
demonstration
of
bacterial
slides.
Because
prokaryotic
cells
are
so
much
smaller
than
the
cells
we
have
looked
at
so
far,
they
will
need
even
higher
power
magnification.
Microscopes
used
for
microbiology
have
a
4th
objective
lens
that
magnifies
by
100X,
for
a
total
magnification
of
1000X
including
the
ocular
lens.
This
lens
is
named
because
the
light
rays
travel
through
a
drop
of
oil
that
we
add
to
the
top
of
the
slide.
The
oil
refracts
light
to
a
greater
degree
than
air,
giving
a
clearer
image
than
we
could
otherwise
see.
This
setup
shows
the
same
bacterial
slide
at
two
different
magnifications
for
comparison.
The
first
is
at
400x,
the
largest
magnification
we
have
used
so
far.
The
second
is
at
1000x.
Observe
the
slide
at
both
magnifications,
and
draw
and
label
the
bacterial
cells
seen
with
the
oil
immersion
lens.
400x
CWNLE
A
Activity
3:
Internal
Cell
Structure
3-1
Electron
Microscope
Images
Complete
at
home
if
not
able
to
complete
during
lab.
To
do
this
take
pictures
of
the
images
with
your
phones.
Procedure
-
Examine
the
printed
electron
micrographs
to
see
actual
organelle
structures
and
complete
the
chart.
Feature
Draw
and
describe
what
features
make
it
recognizable
-
Somatining
thar
Mages
it
Plasma
membrane
vec
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2000l
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Cell
Drawing
Use
a
whole
piece
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paper
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your
drawing
and
attach
to
your
lab.
Try
this
with
your
notes
closed
to
see
how
well
you
are
understanding
and
retaining
this
information.
Once
done,
check
your
work
and
circle
the
ones
that
were
not
100%
correct.
This
process
helps
you
know
where
the
holes
in
your
knowledge
are
so
you
can
study
those
concepts
more!
Draw
a
detailed
picture
of
an
“average”
cell,
label
the
organelles,
and
give
functions
of
the
organelles.
List
additional
specialized
structures
that
only
some
cells
possess
(related
to
movement,
structure
or
size,
for
example)
.
Lab
Review
Questions
1.
If
you
are
looking
for
something
on
a
microscope
slide
and
can't
find
it,
what
might
be
the
problem?
What
would
you
check
and
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are
the
next
steps?
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3.
Complete
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chart
/;a./
Raises
and
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the
stage
a
large
degree
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Moves
the
slide
right
and
left,
backward
and
forward
e’
Magrifies
by
10X
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Magnifies
by
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the
image
under
high
power
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Creates
light
in
the
field
of
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Distinguishing
physical
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in
the
cell
in
relation
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other
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What
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objec
and
why
is
it
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