Activity 7

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Virginia Tech *

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1105

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Biology

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Apr 3, 2024

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BIOL 1105 Classwork Fall 2018 Lesson 7: Energetics of Living Systems (20pts) This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Sharing or posting any content from this assignment, or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions, is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Team Members: 1. Urba Saghir 2. Tugi Erdenebaatar 3. Learning Objectives: Upon completion of this activity, the student should be able to:  Determine whether a chemical reaction will proceed spontaneously. (7.4)  Discuss factors that affect enzymatic activity. (7.8)  Interpret a biochemical pathway and predict the outcome of a malfunction in a biochemical pathway. (7.10)  Relate the malfunction of biochemical pathways to human illness. (7.10)  Apply scientific reasoning to biological problems. (S1) Instructions Work in teams of three to answer the questions below. Bold the correct answer from multiple choice questions. Be sure to list all team members’ names on this sheet! Part 1: Enzymes and Activation Energy 1. Answer the following questions about the chemical reaction shown below: W + X → Y + Z This reaction has a ΔG value of +8.6 kcal/mol. a. Will this reaction proceed spontaneously? Why or why not? (1pt) It would not be spontaneous because it is gaining energy. And the change in G value is positive so its endergonic. This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Sharing or posting any content from this assignment, or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions, is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code. 1

BIOL 1105 Classwork Fall 2018 b. ATP hydrolysis has a ΔG value of -7.3 kcal/mol. Would coupling ATP hydrolysis to the above reaction drive the reaction? (1pt) A. No, because the overall ΔG value is still positive. B. Yes, because the overall ΔG value is now negative. C. Yes, but only if an enzyme is used to lower the ΔG value. D. No, because the overall ΔG value is now negative. 2. Two related enzymes in different species catalyze the same chemical reaction. One enzyme catalyzes the reaction in humans, and the other in thermophilic (heat loving) bacteria that live in hot springs. The rate of reaction for each enzyme as a function of temperature is shown in the graph below. a. List 3 factors that can affect the function of an enzyme. (3pts) 1. ____Temperature_____________ 2. ___pH______________ 3. ____Presence of inhibitors_____________ b. At what temperature is each enzyme at its optimum activity level? Don’t forget your units! (1pt) Human enzyme: 42 degrees Celsius Bacterial enzyme : 73 degrees Celcius c. At ~46˚C the reaction rate for the human enzyme drops off sharply. How does this high temperature (compared to the enzyme’s optimum temperature) affect the enzyme to reduce the rate of the reaction? (2pts) The enzyme will unfold and denature causing the active site to not be there. This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Sharing or posting any content from this assignment, or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions, is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code. 2

BIOL 1105 Classwork Fall 2018 d. What MUST be similar about these two enzymes in order for them to catalyze the same reaction at such different temperatures? (1pt) A. The pH at which the two enzymes function. B. The shape of the substrate binding site. C. The primary structure of the enzyme. D. All of the above. E. None of the above 3. Match the following terms to the molecules described. (3pts) Molecules: Terms: 1. This molecule does not bind to the active site of an enzyme. The binding of the molecule changes the conformation of the enzyme and switches the enzyme on. __________D__________ 2. The end-product of a set of metabolic reactions binds to the first enzyme in the pathway to stop its own production. _______C_____________ 3. This molecule does not bind to the active site of an enzyme, but does change the conformation of the enzyme to prevent its function. __________B__________ A. Competitive inhibitor B. Noncompetitive inhibitor C. Feedback inhibition D. Allosteric activator This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Sharing or posting any content from this assignment, or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions, is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code. 3

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BIOL 1105 Classwork Fall 2018 Part 2: Biochemical Pathways In the figure below, capital letters represent compounds that are converted into the next compound of the pathway via a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme named above the arrow. So, for example: indicates that Compound A is converted into Compound B by Enzyme 1. The failure of an enzyme within a biochemical pathway can be a source of human disorders. Look at the biochemical pathway below and answer the associated questions about the pathway. Pathway 1: 1. If there is a malfunction in Enzyme 2, which of the following compounds will NOT be produced? ( Bold all that apply ). (1pt) A. Compound A B. Compound B C. Compound C D. Compound D E. Compound E F. Compound F This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Sharing or posting any content from this assignment, or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions, is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code. 4

BIOL 1105 Classwork Fall 2018 2. If there is instead a malfunction in Enzyme 3 : a. How would production of Molecule B be affected? (1-2 sentences). (1pt) There would be the same amount of B molecules because b. How would production of Molecule F be affected? (1-2 sentences) (1pt) There would be more molecules of F because it the molecules are only going one way now. Pathway 2: This pathway is responsible for converting the amino acid phenylalanine into maleylacetoacetic acid. The interruption of this pathway at different points can result in a number of different human disorders. We’ll be looking at two of the disorders caused by the interruption of this pathway. 3. Phenylketonuria (PKU) causes mental disability in children if not detected early in life. In fact, all newborns in the United States are tested for this metabolic disorder. PKU is caused by the build-up of the amino acid phenylalanine in the body, specifically in the brain. Humans obtain phenylalanine from our diets, and children with PKU must strictly limit their intake of phenylalanine. a. Which enzyme in the metabolic pathway shown above is likely malfunctioning in children with PKU? (1pt) A. Enzyme 1 B. Enzyme 2 C. Enzyme 3 D. Enzyme 4 b. Children with PKU must strictly limit their phenylalanine intake. What amino acid other than phenylalanine is likely affected by this disorder? (Note: You may wish to search the internet for a structural representation of the 20 amino acids). (1pt) Tyrosine This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Sharing or posting any content from this assignment, or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions, is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code. 5

BIOL 1105 Classwork Fall 2018 c. Compared to wild-type (normal) individuals, how will the levels of this other amino acid (from question 3b) differ in children with PKU? (1pt) The levels for wild-type individuals would be lower compared to the children with PKU. 4. Alkaptonuria is another disorder caused by an enzymatic malfunction in Pathway 2. Patients with alkaptonuria have urine which turns black when it is exposed to air. This is caused by the oxidation of homogentisic acid, which is excreted in the urine when it builds up in the body. a. Which enzyme is likely malfunctioning in this disorder? (1pt) A. Enzyme 1 B. Enzyme 2 C. Enzyme 3 D. Enzyme 4 b. Would addition of any of the other compounds (not enzymes) in the pathway alleviate the symptoms of this disorder? In 2-3 sentences, explain why or why not. (1pts) No, because the production of the other compounds would not alleviate the symptoms. If you add other compounds it would continue to oxidize homogentisic compounds. This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code. Sharing or posting any content from this assignment, or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions, is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code. 6

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