BIO 101 LAB 1 SCAN

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Tidewater Community College *

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112

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Biology

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Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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Uploaded by CaptainWolverineMaster443

LABORATORY 1 At the completion of this lab the student will be able to: 1. Describe the lab safety procedures and lab protocols. 2. Discuss the basic steps in the scientific method and be able to apply them to a topic of scientific research. 3. Interpret data collected as a part of scientific research by displaying the data in a graph. Background Information for Lab 1 Welcome to your first Biology 101 Lab. In this lab and future labs, you will learn about the basic components of living organisms from the molecular level to the cellular level and beyond, including the instructions for life found in DNA. You will also explore the microscopic world and perform experiments demonstrating the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, two of the most important chemical processes of life. Getting the right start is important. During the first lab, you will learn about Lab Safety and Procedures, the Scientific Method, and Graphing. The pre-lab questions are designed to get you to read the material before coming to lab. Your instructor may give you a brief quiz at the beginning of future labs to encourage you to read ahead and study the information included in each lab carefully. Get to know your lab partners at your table. Working together to complete the exercises in each lab is important for each of you to do well. You will complete the labs more efficiently and accurately if you work as a team. You must take advantage of your scheduled lab time to thoroughly perform and understand your experiments and observations. All concepts, specimens, experiments, equipment and procedures will be included on weekly quizzes and on lab practical exams. e ] > ) E e [ =) 5 wv = Q Compound Light Microscope Micrograph of Cheek Cells Micrograph of Plant Cells Figure 1.1. Microscope and Micrographs. Laboratory 1 | Introduction :

Objectives After completing this exercise, the student will be able to: 1. Explain lab safety procedures. 2. Recognize the safety equipment in the lab. 3. Know the lab protocols for scheduled and open lab times. 4 Know the lab protocol for disposing of broken glass. Introduction to Exercise 1 Lab safety is of paramount consideration in all lab sciences. Proper safety equipment and techniques reduces the incidence of accidents, injuries, and equipment damage, as well as provide for quick response when accidents do occur. Therefore, all students are expected to familiarize themselves with basic lab safety equipment and techniques and proper use of the laboratory facilities and equipment. ‘Biology Lab Procedure 1. Review the lab policies at the beginning of the book. 2. Note locations of the eyewash station, emergency shower, first aid kit, and fire extinguisher on the walls, and the dust pan and broom in the cabinet under the sink for picking up broken glass. Dispose of broken glass in the sharps containers with the exception of labels on prepared slides that should be turned into your instructor. 3. Note the layout of the laboratory equipment. Most of the supplies needed for a given lab session are located at your table. Larger items such as an electronic balance or stock solutions can be found on the side and back counters. 4. Maintaining the lab in a clean and orderly condition is an important safety factor. All students are responsible for cleaning their tables and returning supplies and equipment to their appropriate locations at the end of the lab session. 5. Knowing the procedures for scheduled and open lab times will increase lab safety. You are required to sign in and out of the lab during open lab times, and return all specimens and equipment to their appropriate locations when you are done. ntroduction | Laboratory 1

© M. Sugermeyer Objectives After completing this exercise, the student will be able to: 1. Explain the steps in the Scientific Method. 2. Apply the scientific method to questions encountered in science. 3. Record data gathered through experimentation. Introduction to Exercise 2 Science is the process of testing and observing nature in order to gain new knowledge. The modern format for this process is the scientific method, a systematic approach to discovering information about the natural world. You must be able to duplicate the experimental techniques so that the accuracy of the information collected in a previous experiment can be verified by additional testing. Keeping careful records is essential throughout the process. Data must also be collected objectively without bias or injection of personal opinions. The scientific method includes a sequence of specific steps. Making an observation about events in nature is the first step. The scope of an observation must be of a workable size. For example, an observation about all the mice in the world is too broad. A researcher might seek to learn one or two facts about a particular species of mice in a small part of a forest or a field. For example, a statement of observation might be about the food source of mice in a grassy field. The observation is followed with a question related to the observation. Stating the question is important because it will drive the direction of the inquiry. The question about mice might be stated as, “What is the food source of mice in a field near Small Town, USA?” The third step is to formulate a hypothesis or a testable explanation to answer the question. For example, “Field mice feed on nuts, seeds, roots, and other plant material depending on the season.” Predictions are made about the hypothesis usually in the form of an “If-then” statement. An example of a prediction about the diet of field mice might state, “If the season is fall, then field mice will feed primarily on nuts” There may be more than one hypothesis proposed. Also, a null hypothesis is usually stated. Example: “Field mice will not feed on primarily on nuts in the fall” taboratory 1 { Introduction

In order to answer the question and verify the hypothesis, the fourth step, an experiment (test), is performed under controlled conditions and data is collected. The area of inquiry will suggest the experimental design. Research involving terrestrial environments might require instruments to record temperature, rainfall, wind, and other environmental parameters. A question about mice might involve trapping some members of the species to determine their condition, patterns of feeding, and other activities. After the data has been gathered from the experiment, the fifth and final step is analysis of the experimental data to either support or not support the hypothesis. dead batteries? ~ Hypothesis Bumtout Prediction: Replacing atteries will fix the flashlight \4 Figure 1.3. Scientific Method. Introduction | Laboratory 1 © bluedoor, LLC

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION There are three types of variables in any scientific experiment. First are the control variables. The control variables are factors that are applied to all parts of the experiment. During this lab, you will be performing an experiment designed to test the effect of bleach on a colored solution. In this experiment, the control variables will be the amount of water, the amount of food coloring, and the size of the beaker. Second is the independent variable. The independent variable is the process being manipulated by the researcher. In the experiment of adding bleach to a solution of water and food coloring, the independent variable is the amount of bleach added to the solution. The third type of variable is the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the change observed due to the effect of the independent variable. The dependent variable is the results of an experiment in the form of the observable and usually quantifiable change. For most experiments, it is the data collected. Scientific experiments are performed with two basic groups, the control group and the experimental group. The control group monitors original conditions and is used to detect changes in the experimental group. The control group is monitored only for the control variables. However, control variables are applied to all of the groups in the experiment. The experimental group is manipulated to test the hypothesis. The independent variable is the factor(s) that is (are) changed for each experimental group. This factor is manipulated by the researcher. For example, in an experiment that studies the effect of bleach on colored solutions, you could vary the amount and strength of the bleach. Usually only one or possibly two independent variables will be manipulated. After the data (results of the experiment) has been collected, the results are analyzed. If the hypothesis is NOT supported by the data gathered, then the question, the hypothesis, and the testing methods (one or all) need to be revised and another experiment can be performed. When the data does support the hypothesis, the results of the experiment can be submitted for peer review. Peer review is done by scientists studying the same or similar topics who will look over a body of work and give their opinion as to the validity of the methods and findings. This highly involved process helps insure the accuracy of new scientific information. Accuracy of scientific information is important because we base many of our decisions about our health and the way we interact with our planet on such information. = - Scientific Method + Experiment - Experimental group + Observation « Control variables + Data « Question + Independent variable + Peer review « Hypothesis and prediction » Dependent variable + Null hypothesis + Control group taboratory 1 | Introduction

During this portion of the lab, you will begin by following the steps in Procedure A. After you have finished Procedure A, you and your lab partners will perform Procedure B by adding a question about what causes the results in this experiment. Develop a hypothesis about your question and then design an experiment to test your hypothesis. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT « Bleach in a dropper bottle - Food color + Green paper « Dropper pipettes + Medium size beakers « Stirrod PRETEST Many scientific studies began with a pretest to indicate a direction for the hypothesis. Begin these experimental procedures with a pretest by dripping or streaking bleach on a sheet of green paper. Effect of the pretest: QUESTION A What will happen when you add bleach to the solution of water and green food color? HYPOTHESIS A Write a hypothesis (prediction) about what will happen when the bleach is added to the green solution. Control variables: Independent variable: Dependent variable: ntroduction | tabovatory 1

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