2014-Exam 4 09am for Posting w Answers
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1 BISC 220L –
Old Exam 4 (from 2014) 9 am Version 1. Which one of the following occurs when a person is dehydrated? (d) a. a decrease in plasma osmolarity b. decreased secretion of vasopressin c. an increase in blood flow through the kidney d. a shift of water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid -ANS 2. Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by either an insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or insensitivity of the kidney to ADH. Which one of the following symptoms would not
be expected in a patient with diabetes insipidus? (d) a. Tendency toward dehydration of body fluids
b. Frequent awakening at night to urinate c. Pale urine with low osmolarity d. Diminished thirst -ANS 3. Which one of the following is not
an effect of atrial natriuretic hormone? (e) a. inhibition of renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus b. inhibiting the effects of antidiuretic hormone c. increasing the volume of urine production d. inhibition of aldosterone release e. increasing blood pressure -ANS 4
. One advantage of urea excretion over uric acid excretion is that urea… (e)
a. is not toxic. b. is a larger molecule. c. requires no water to excrete. d. can be concentrated to a greater extent. e. requires less energy to synthesize than uric acid. -ANS 5. Central diabetes insipidus is a clinical condition that results in the production of large volumes of dilute urine. Which one of the following is consistent with this condition? (d) a. excessive secretion of renin b. excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone c. excessive secretion of aldosterone d. damage to the posterior pituitary -ANS e. high levels of angiotensin II in the plasma 6. If a child were born with a mutation that made the ascending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to water, what would be the minimum and maximum urine osmolarities the child could produce? Units are in mOsM. (d) a. minimum 100 / maximum 300 d. minimum 300 / maximum 300 -ANS b. minimum 300 / maximum 1200 e. minimum 100 / maximum 1200 c. minimum 100 / maximum 100 7. Which one of the following would most likely increase
the rate at which fluid is filtered into kidney tubules? (c)
2 a. higher than normal plasma protein concentration b. constriction of the efferent arteriole c. dilation of the afferent arteriole -ANS d. kidney stones in the renal pelvis 8. Which one of the following is not
an appropriate response to acidification of body fluids (acidosis)? (b) a. increased respiration c. increased HCO
3
-
reabsorption in the kidneys b. decreased H
+
secretion in distal tubules –
ANS d. None of the other answers is correct. 9. Which one of the following statements about atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is false
? (c) a. ANH inhibits release of aldosterone. b. ANH inhibits release of antidiuretic hormone. c. ANH stimulates constriction of systemic arterioles. -ANS d. ANH inhibits release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus. e. ANH inhibits reabsorption of Na
+
in the distal tubule and upper collecting duct. 10. In a healthy individual, the glomerular filtration rate is 100 ml/min, the concentration of glucose in the plasma is 2 mg/ml, and pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 50 mm Hg. At what rate do the kidneys reabsorb glucose? (d) a. 50 mg/min d. 200 mg/min -ANS b. 100 mg/min e. Insufficient information is given to answer. c. 150 mg/min 11. Imagine that you applied a drug that specifically inhibits Na
+
/K
+
pumps in epithelial cells in the upper half of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. If no other compensatory changes occurred, what effect would this drug have on the volume of urine produced? (b) a. The volume of urine produced would decrease. b. The volume of urine produced would increase. -ANS c. The drug would have no effect on the volume of urine produced. d. The effect on volume of urine produced cannot be determined from the information given. 12. Which one of the following is not likely
to cause a rise in blood pressure? (d) a. renin b. aldosterone c. antidiuretic hormone d. atrial natriuretic hormone -ANS 13. Which one of the following statements is false
? (d) a. Atrial natriuretic hormone reduces water reabsorption in the kidney. b. Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction in arterioles. c. Reabsorption of H
2
O can occur everywhere in the nephron except in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. d. By blocking the action of antidiuretic hormone, alcohol causes excess reabsorption of H
2
O in the kidney. -ANS 14. Both epinephrine and cortisol are secreted in response to stress. Which one of the following statements is true for both
of these hormones? (e)
3 a. Both hormones are secreted into the blood within seconds of the onset of stress. b. Receptors for both hormones are on the surfaces of target cells. c. Adrenocorticotropin stimulates the release of both hormones. d. Both hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. e. Both hormones increase levels of blood glucose. -ANS 15. A woman complained to a doctor that she has no energy, has been putting on weight, and is cold all the time. The doctor finds that her pulse rate is low and that she has low blood pressure. Laboratory tests reveal that plasma levels of thyroid hormone are low but that levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are high. Which one of the following statements is false
? (b) a. The patient’s general level of metabolism is low.
b. High levels of TSH rule out a hypothyroid condition. -ANS c. An appropriate treatment would be to administer thyroid hormone. d. Similar conditions in an infant would likely cause mental retardation. 16. Which one of the following hormones is incorrectly
paired with its function? (d) a. glucagon –
stimulates glycogenolysis b. cortisol –
stimulates gluconeogenesis c. insulin –
stimulates glucose uptake in most cells d. somatostatin –
stimulates release of growth hormone -ANS e. melanocyte stimulating hormone –
suppresses appetite 17. In which one of the following ways are testosterone and thyroid hormone similar? (d) a. Both hormones bind to G protein-coupled receptors. b. Both hormones are released from secreting cells by exocytosis. c. The immediate effect of both hormones is a rise in intracellular cAMP. d. Receptors for both hormones are located in the cytoplasm or nucleus. -ANS e. Both hormones stimulate catabolism, or breakdown, of cellular proteins. 18
. Hypercalcemia would likely result in increased… (e)
a. reabsorption of Ca
2+
in the kidneys. d. excitability of neurons. b. secretion of parathyroid hormone. e. secretion of calcitonin. -ANS c. release of Ca
2+
from bones. 19. Which one of the following hormones originates in the anterior pituitary? (d) a. calcitonin d. thyroid stimulating hormone -ANS b. epinephrine e. growth hormone releasing hormone c. testosterone 20. Which one of the following statements is not correct
? (e) a. The action of cortisol is necessary for glucagon to be fully effective. b. Administration of a glucocorticoid drug should cause a decrease in ACTH secretion. c. In Grave’s disease, one would expect that circulating levels of T
4
would be high and levels of TSH would be low. d. In Hashimoto’s disease, one would expect that circulating levels of T4 would be low and levels of TSH would be high.
4 e. In a patient with a hormone-secreting tumor of the corticotropes of the anterior pituitary, levels of CRH secretion should be high. -ANS 21. Which one of the following correctly describes a function of gap junctions between adjacent cells? (d) a. They allow G-proteins to diffuse between cells. b. They allow activated kinases to diffuse between cells. c. They cause adjacent cells to adhere strongly to each other. d. They allow second messenger molecules to diffuse between cells. -ANS e. They form a diffusion barrier, so extracellular solutes cannot leak between cells. 22. A 35-year old woman who routinely uses iodized salt shows up at a doctor’s office with a painless enlargement in her neck. She complains of always feeling cold and lethargic. Which one of the following laboratory test results would you most likely find in this patient? (b) a. Low levels of TRH secretion. b. High levels of TSH secretion. -ANS c. Antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors. d. Low levels of growth hormone secretion. e. High levels of thyroid hormone secretion. 23. When exposed to a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G-proteins in the membrane of the target cell. The hormone is most likely… (b)
a. a steroid. d. estrogen b. a peptide. -ANS e. aldosterone c. a thyroid hormone 24
. Immediately after a meal, when nutrients are being absorbed from the digestive tract, … (
e) a. glucagon is released. b. release of insulin is inhibited. c. body cells take up less glucose. d. protein synthesis in the liver decreases. e. glycogen synthesis in the liver increases. –
ANS 25
. Calcium homeostasis primarily reflects… (e)
a. regulation of the Ca content of bones. b. regulation of blood Ca levels by the kidneys. c. a balance between the effects of parathyroid hormone and aldosterone. d. a balance between Ca absorption from the intestine and Ca excretion by the kidneys. e. interplay between Ca reserves in bone, absorption from the intestine, and excretion by the kidneys. -ANS 26. A distinctive feature of the mechanism of action of steroid hormones and thyroid hormones is that
… (b)
a. these hormones affect metabolism. b. these hormones bind to intracellular receptors. -ANS c. the secretion of these hormones is regulated by feedback loops. d. target cells react more rapidly to these hormones than to most other hormones. e. these hormones bind to specific receptor proteins on the plasma membranes of target cells. 27. Where in the reproductive tract of women does fertilization usually take place? (d)
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