EXAM 1

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University Of Arizona *

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Question 1 What original question drove research at Tumamoc Hill in Tucson early in the 20 th century? How can anything survive and function in this desert environment? How do different species interact with each other? Why is nature constant and unchanging? How many species are there in this place? Question 2 How does ecology differ from natural history? Ecology involves proposing and testing hypotheses about the interaction of organisms with their environment Ecology involves documenting patterns in nature Ecology involves careful observations of organisms in their natural environment Question 3 Tumamoc Hill in Tucson played an important role in the history of ecology. Which of the statements below is true of Tumamoc Hill? The earliest studies at Tumamoc Hill focused on the adaptations of desert organisms It is the oldest ecological research study site in North America It is the birthplace of the oldest journal in the field, Ecology Women were among the first ecologists working at Tumamoc Hill All of the above Question 4 Someone hears that you are taking Ecology this semester and says, "Oh, I'm very concerned about ecology. I compost everything and I'm considering installing solar energy panels on my roof." These aren't issues we cover in this course. Why not? Ecology does not inform solutions to environmental problems Ecology is a basic science that addresses questions about general relationships between organisms and their environments Ecologists don't care about the environment

Unit 3: Practice of Ecology Question 5 What DON'T we get from an observational study? An understanding of patterns and possible processes detectable under natural conditions Inference of causality Opportunities to test ideas that are not feasible to test with a manipulative experiment Question 6 Which of the following statements about good manipulative experiments is TRUE? A good experiment includes systematic variation of one or more hypothesized causal factors. A good experiment should include a potentially confounding factor in at least one group. A good experiment should only include replication if the hypothesis has never been tested before. Question 7 I am studying a species of desert toad that lays its eggs in small pools of water after a rain, and I suspect this must be a very competitive environment for the young. If I find pools with different densities (# per area) of eggs in them currently, I predict that toads will lay fewer new eggs in pools that already have a higher density of eggs. Which type of study does this mean I am planning to do? Manipulative experiment Observational study Question 8 I am studying two behavioral types in males of a crab, Hoppers and Swayers. I predict that if I place Hoppers with either a Swayer or another Hopper in an enclosure, and then add a female to see who she chooses as a mate, Hoppers will win the mate a higher fraction of time when they are against a Swayer, than when they are against another Hopper. Which type of study does this mean I am planning to do? Manipulative experiment

Observational study Question 9 Match the outcomes to whether they are obtained from manipulative experiments or observational studies: Tests for patterns and possible processes under natural conditions Inference of causality Tests of causes that are difficult to control 1 . Manipulative experiments 2 . Observational studies Question 10 You like to watch the penguin feeding time at the zoo. Two keepers toss out fish at either end of the penguin pool, one more quickly than the other. You notice that the keeper tossing more fish per minute always has a bigger group of penguins in front of her. You hypothesize that the amount of food that each keeper tosses out per minute is determining the group size of penguins, and you would like to conduct a study to test this idea. Which of the options below is a specific prediction that would test your hypothesis? Select the best option: If you randomly assign one keeper toss fish at a higher rate of fish per minute, and the other to toss fish at a lower rate, the group size of penguins will be higher in front of the keeper tossing more fish. If you find a larger group of feeding penguins, it will be in front of a keeper tossing fish at a higher rate of fish per minute. If you randomly assign one keeper toss fish at a higher rate of fish per minute, and the other to toss fish at a lower rate, the group size of penguins will be lower in front of the keeper tossing more fish. Question 11 Hiking in the Sonoran Desert, you often see jackrabbits. They usually have very large ears, but you discover there is a population of jackrabbits on one of the mountain ranges where most individuals have small ears. You hypothesize that smaller ears are a local adaptation to the higher elevation environment. Which of the options below is a specific prediction that would test your hypothesis? Select the best option: If you find large-eared and small-eared jackrabbits at the high elevation, the large-eared will rear more offspring during their lives than the large-eared. 2 2 1

If you find large-eared and small-eared jackrabbits at the high elevation, the small-eared will rear more offspring during their lives than the large-eared. If you look for large-eared and small-eared jackrabbits at the high elevation, you will find more small- eared. Question 12 I am studying horned beetles and you notice that in very high density populations the beetles have large horns, but in other populations the beetles have small horns, and I suspect that this is due to a plastic change. I predict that if I rear beetles in my laboratory at different densities, average horn size will increase with density of beetles. Given this prediction, which is the INDEPENDENT variable? Fitness of individual beetles Density of beetles Average horn size Question 13 I am studying horned beetles and you notice that in very high density populations the beetles have large horns, but in other populations the beetles have small horns, and I suspect that this is due to a plastic change. I predict that if I rear beetles in my laboratory at different densities, average horn size will increase with density of beetles. Given this prediction, which is the DEPENDENT variable? Fitness of individual beetles Average horn size Density of beetles Question 14 I am studying a species of octopus and find that some individuals have more resistance (immunity) to a common skin disease than others. I hypothesize that immunity will trades off with investments in other major life history traits. I predict that if I sample skin cells from different octopi in the wild, and assay them for immunity, females with higher immunity will produce fewer eggs. Given this prediction, which is the INDEPENDENT variable? Mortality from skin disease

Immunity to skin disease Number of eggs Question 14.1 I am studying horned beetles and you notice that in very high density populations the beetles have large horns, but in other populations the beetles have small horns, and I suspect that this is due to a plastic change. I predict that if I rear beetles in my laboratory at different densities, average horn size will increase with density of beetles. Which type of study does this mean I am planning to do? Question 6 options: Manipulative experiment Observational study Question 15 I am studying a species of desert toad that lays its eggs in small pools of water after a rain, and I suspect this must be a very competitive environment for the young. If I find pools with different densities (# per area) of eggs in them currently, I predict that toads will lay fewer new eggs in pools that already have a higher density of eggs. Given this prediction, which is the DEPENDENT variable? Number of new eggs Size of the pool Density of existing eggs Question 16 I am studying a species of butterfly whose caterpillars often feed in groups together on the same leaf of their host plant. When they are in a group, they seem to confuse predators and avoid being picked off and eaten, but they have to share the leaf they are eating. I predict that if I put many caterpillars in an enclosure with both large and small leaves, the large leaves will attract bigger groups of caterpillars than the small leaves. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication?

Populations (groups) of caterpillars choosing leaves Individual caterpillars Individual leaves Question 17 I am studying how the environment affects how sounds are heard. I predict that if I play calls of a bird species in urban environments, the calls played at a higher pitch will attract more mates than calls played at a lower pitch. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication? Individual bird call Populations of birds Communities of birds Question 18 I am studying a species of octopus and find that some individuals have more resistance (immunity) to a common skin disease than others. I hypothesize that immunity will trades off with investments in other major life history traits. I predict that if I sample skin cells from different octopi in the wild, and assay them for immunity, females with higher immunity will produce fewer eggs. Given this prediction, which should be my unit of replication? Individual octopus Populations of octopi Communities of octopi Question 18.1 I am studying a species of octopus and find that some individuals have more resistance (immunity) to a common skin disease than others. I hypothesize that immunity will trades off with investments in other major life history traits. I predict that if I sample skin cells from different octopi in the wild, and assay them for immunity, females with higher immunity will produce fewer eggs.

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