immunologic_disorders_chapter_31_and_32

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Quiz 12: Immunologic disorders Chapter 31 and 32 Function of the immune system:  Body’s defense network against infection  Recognizes, isolates and destroys pathogen. Anatomy and physiology of the immune system: Bone marrow Where are the WBCs primarily produced?> -produces red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. -spongy center of the bones where the white blood (WBCs) are made. - WBC are produced primarily in the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvis and long bones of the legs. Stem cells -aka progenitor cells -aka precursor cells -develop into WBC’s, RBCs, and platelets -located in the bone marrow and some circulate in the blood White blood cells (leukocytes) What occurs if dead WBCs build up faster than the - identify and destroy foreign antigens or proteins by ingesting them -life span is few hours to a few days If the dead WBC build up faster than the macrophages can the -pus forms

macrophages can clean them up? Types of wbcs function eosinophils -combat parasitic infections -associated w/ allergic reactions and other inflammatory processes. basophils -initiates a massive inflammatory response that quickly brings other WBCs to the site of infection -Work in conjunction with immunoglobulin (Ig) E who identifies a foreign antigen, and triggers basophils to release histamine from cell vesicles located in the basophils -Histamine is a potent vasodilator that increases blood circulation to the site quickly bringing other WBCs to the site of infection -found inside the cell when the basophils release histamine 2 things can occur: it can cause bronchoconstriction and vasodilation Mast cells: -store histamine in cell vesicles that can be released by IgE -has the same function as the basophils B lymphocytes responsible to - Manufacture antigen binding proteins called Immunoglobin on their cell membrane -When B cells Ig binds with an antigen, the B cells

produce antibodies. produce plasma and memory is stimulated to produce plasma cells and memory B cells -Plasma cells are antibody factories that produce large amounts of Ig -Memory B cells go into resting state but can be quickly reactivated to produce plasma cells and antibodies if exposed to the same antigen in the future -If the Ig is released either from B cells or plasma cells, it is called antibody. -can release the antibodies to fight infections neutrophils - fight bacterial infections -most abundant WBC -destroyed during phagocytosis t lymphocytes is made up of helper cells and cytotoxic cells= kill helper cells call on the other components of the immune system helper cells are the one greatly being attacked during an HIV infection -helper cells (CD4) secrete cytokines; the role of the cytokines is to call the rest of the immune system letting it know there is an infection. The helper cells call out the messenger the rest of the components in the immune system to go into that site and order to kill that microorganism. - Helper cells (CD4) - once they come in contact with foreign antigens, they secrete cytokines that activate the other components of the immune system to facilitate the body’s immune response; cells that are infected with HIV Cytotoxic cells (CD8); when come in contact with foreign antigens, they can directly destroy the invader.

HIV loves to attack the helper cells Cytokines -a hormone that is secreted by the helper cells to signal other cells to go into site to take care of a foreign antigen - Examples of cytokines are interferon, interlukin, tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony- stimulated factor and erythropoietin Thymus gland -located on the anterior area specifically on the upper chest below the thyroid. -lymphocytes (WBC) migrate from the bone marrow and go into the thymus gland once in the thymus gland the role of the thymus gland is to make the lymphocytes mature. -after puberty the T cells are enough for the entire life of this individual already so the amount of T cells has already maxed out so therefore the thymus gland knows its done with its job already produced enough of T cells for the person to use for their entire life so what happens to the thymus gland? It shrinks. Lymph, lymphatic, lymph nodes -When blood flows through the capillary bed to deliver oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide, not all the plasma returns to the veins to be recirculated -Lymphatic system is a network that collects the plasma left behind in the tissues and returns it to the venous system -Mixture of plasma and cells is called the lymph

fluid which is propelled along the lymphatic system by the normal contraction of skeletal muscles -One way valve in the lymphatic vessels prevent the lymph fluid from pooling in the periphery -Lymphatic vessels empty into the venous system through the right lymphatic duct of the right subclavian vein & the thoracic duct of the left subclavian vein - Lymphatic vessels can be damaged during surgery or following radiation therapy therefore, lymph fluid can build up in the tissues distal to the affected area resulting in lymphedema of the extremity -Lymph nodes are small patches of lymphatic tissue that filter microorganisms from the lymph fluid before it is returned to the blood stream -Lymph nodes are found in the cervical, axillary, inguinal (palpable) and intestinal (cannot be palpated but can be visualized on CT if they are larger than 2 cm) -Lymph nodes become swollen with infection and cancer -Lymph biopsy -vessel can be damaged if a patient goes under chemo or radiation

Liver -does not have their own WBC - filter the microorganisms from the blood so that macrophages can destroy them - when the blood goes in through the liver the liver notices there is a foreign antigen there and the macrophages comes to the liver to destroy the microorganisms. Spleen -has their own WBC - they house their own WBCs when the blood goes into the spleen, they don’t need to call the other components and the immune system. Once the blood goes into the spleen that contains the microorganism the resident inside the spleen which is the WBC kills them right away. -splenectomy when they remove the spleen it reduces the risk of the patient getting pneumonia. -it is always recommended when a patient is getting a splenectomy that the patient receives a pneumovax vaccine prior to the surgery so the body can produce their own antibodies so that when they are exposed to that virus or that microorganisms, they can easily fight it.

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