Practice set 1 lecs 1-7

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Binghamton University *

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501

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Uploaded by ChefTitanium12870

Practice set 1: Covers lectures 1-7 Complete each set of questions as we advance through the course material. Every question in this exam is connected! In healthy individuals. ingested glucose is absorbed into the blood stream through membrane channels. Later, the glucose is transported via facilitated diffusion through Glucose Transporter proteins (GLUT) from the blood stream and into various cells of the body. These cells use the glucose as an energy source or store it for later use. Any glucose that remains in the blood eventually ends up in the filtrate which is fluid passing through the kidney that eventually becomes urine. Certain kidney cells contain Sodium Glucose Cotransporter membrane proteins (SGLTs). which transport glucose against its concentration gradient from the filtrate inside kidney cells and back into the blood. Sodium (Na”) also moves through the SGLT. This transport slightly and temporarily increases blood glucose levels. Patients with type II diabetes have malformed GLUT proteins so glucose cannot be transported from the blood and into the cells of the body. Thus. these patients experience constant elevated blood glucose levels. Further. the proper working of SGLT exacerbates elevated blood glucose levels. Questions 1-2 cover lectures 1-2: 1. Julia has just been diagnosed with type II diabetes so she reads the Wikipedia page for type IT diabetes. It states that, among other dietary changes. increasing one’s fiber intake to at least 25 grams per day improves health outcomes for those with type II diabetes. This statement is followed by a link to a peer reviewed scientific paper which describes how fiber affects blood glucose levels. The paper states that since fiber is an indigestible carbohydrate (not broken down into individual glucose units) it does not interact with Glucose Transporter (GLUT) proteins and s0 is not transported into the blood. Therefore, it does not increase blood glucose levels. The information in the peer reviewed paper is an example of a) Evidence b) Source ¢) Mechanism d) None, because it is not scientific enough 2. The authors of the paper. Sinclair et al. describe their experiment testing the effects of fiber on blood glucose levels as double blind. This means that the experimental and control participants were coded such that researchers collecting data were not aware of which individuals were in the experimental group and which individuals were in the control group. Further. the participants themselves did not know which group they were in. This methodology directly demonstrates which strength of science a) Scientists use each other’s work b) Only falsifiable hypotheses are used c) Scientists remain objective d) Conclusions change based on new evidence

Questions 3-10 cover lectures 1-5: 3. Sinclair et al cite many research studies in their paper. one of which measured the lifetime instances of contracting type II diabetes after being fed a high fiber diet from weaning to death. This study was conducted on mice. Compare the cells in the feet of the deer mouse who is native to a cool climate with the African pygmy mouse who is native to a hot climate: The deer mouse feet will have more phospholipids than the African pygmy mouse feet. The deer mouse feet will have permeability to CO2 compared to the permeability of H2O0 in the African pygmy mouse feet. a) Saturated. Equal. b) Saturated. Greater. ¢) Unsaturated. Less. d) Unsaturated. Greater. e) Unsaturated. Equal. 4. Next, Julia reads the Center for Disease Control (CDC) website on type II diabetes. The CDC bases its recommendations on the entire body of literature that has been published regarding type 1I diabetes. Therefore, it represents a) Scientific theory b) Scientific consensus ¢) Hypothesis d) Prediction 5. Julia has a conversation with her doctor about treatment options for her type II diabetes. Among other suggestions. her doctor recommends an SGLT inhibitor drug. Julia returns home and searches the internet to find out more about the SGLT inhibitor. She reads a peer reviewed scientific paper which tests the affect of the SGLT inhibitor on blood glucose levels. Which of the following is a proper hypothesis? a) SGLT inhibitors will reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes. b) 10 mg of SGLT inhibitor taken daily will reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes during a 30-day course of treatment. ¢) 10 mg of SGLT inhibitor taken daily along with 5 mg of insulin will reduce blood glucose levels compared to taking just insulin alone during a 30-day course of treatment. d) A.B.C e) BandC 6. The authors of the SGLT inhibitor paper seek to uncover if human patients already taking the drug Metformin would have an even greater reduction in blood glucose levels if they also took an SGLT inhibitor. The methods describe that there are 50 type II diabetes patients in the experimental group and 50 in the control group. The experimental patients take Metformin alone

for 30 days and then take Metformin with an SGLT inhibitor (inside a capsule) for another 30 days. Blood glucose levels are tested twice per day. What is the most scientifically robust procedure for the negative control group? a) Take neither drug. b) Take nothing for 30 days and then metformin with an empty capsule for 30 days. ¢) Take metformin for 60 days. d) Take metformin for 30 days and then metformin with an empty capsule for 30 days. 7. Results of the experiment can be seen below. Mean blood glucose levels over 60 days *% Mg/di e Contrcl ) = Experimental Day1 Day 45 Day 60 At which time point can the authors be most confident in their rejection of the null hypothesis? a) Day 1 b) Day 45 c) Day 60 d) Day 45 and day 60 equally 8. In which group did the authors achieve a sample mean that is closer to the population mean? a) Control b) Experimental c) Day45 d) Day 60 9. In which group is there most likely to be a wider range of responses to treatment? a) Control b) Experimental c) Day45 d) Day 60 10. Generally speaking. when standard deviation is narrow it means a) The experimental design was poor b) Sample size should be increased ¢) The population does not show a variable response

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