Lab 11 blood typing

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Clovis Commuity College *

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31

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Lab 11 Blood group testing. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to ascertain the blood group of a person. The purpose of doing the lab is to ascertain an individual's Rh (the D antigen) type and ABO. The purpose of blood typing is to search for any negative interactions between your blood and that of donors, whether Rh positive or Rh-negative blood is present (Blood Group Testing: Overview, Purpose, Importance of Blood Typing | Livlong, 2023). Hypothesis: In this lab I predict that in this blood typing lab my blood group will be O+. This is because both of my parents are blood group O+ and will have inherited Rh positive from my parents. Introduction Blood types are based on the presence or absence of specific antigens, which are substances that, if they are foreign to the body, can cause an immune response. Careful blood typing and cross- matching are essential for safe blood transfusions because certain antigens can cause a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood (American Red Cross, 2019). There are four main blood types in the ABO system: A, B, AB, and O. The Rh factor, also referred to as the Rh(D) antigen, is a surface antigen that determines whether a blood type is positive (or +) or negative (or -) on the surface of its red blood cells. The eight major blood types result from this (How to Understand Blood Types, n.d.). Red blood cells have a surface protein called Rh factor that is inherited. You are Rh positive if the protein is present in your blood. You are Rh negative if the protein is absent from your blood (Mayo Clinic, 2018). O negative blood types are thought to be universal donors since their red blood cells are antigen- free and lack Rh factor. Antigens are molecules that have the ability to cause an immune response in the body of the recipient. O negative blood has the lowest risk of incompatibility and can be given to anyone without causing serious reactions (Whitlock, 2010). AB positive blood is the blood type that is regarded as the universal recipient. This is due to the fact that red blood cells from all blood types can be administered to AB positive patients without causing any immunological reactions. The erythrocyte surface of an AB positive blood type contains both A and B antigens, but neither type of antibody is produced (AB Blood Type, 2020). Agglutination is the process by which an antibody in the plasma and an antigen on a red blood cell combine to form a complex. The red blood cells, also known as agglutinogens, typically clump together as a result of the reaction. Antibodies specifically and highly affinity-bound to the antigens in the blood form an antigen-antibody complex (Agglutination: What Is It, Purpose, and More | Osmosis, n.d.).
Materials Required: 1. Paper towel. 2. Water. 3. Soap. 4. Gloves. 5. Bleach solution in a spray bottle. 6. Paper towel. 7. Alcohol swab (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 8. Eldon sticks (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 9. Eldon card (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 10. Pipette (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 11. Dry swab (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 12. Lancet (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 13. Pen (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 14. Glass (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). Methods: 1. When entering the lab ensure you have all your hair tied up, closed shoes to cover entire foot and have a protective clothing on top of your home cloths. Sterilize the working table by spraying bleach solution and wipe with a paper towel. 2. Remove jewelry that are on your hands to the wrist, roll up your sleeves to perform hand washing. Turn on the faucet and adjust the water temperature to your comfortable temperature, wet your hand with water and apply anti bacteria hand wash soap and scrub your hands to include 4 inch above the wrist. Scrubbing to remove the dirt for at least 1 minute then rinse the soap with running water. If you touch the sink or anything repeat the whole hand washing process and dry your hands with a paper towel and discard it to the correct bin and pick other clean paper towels and shut the faucet off and dispose the paper towels in the disposal bin. Do not touch your face, eye and mouth while working in microbiology lab. 3. Gather all the materials and instruments needed for the lab work 4. Begin by separating the Eldon sticks to individual 4 sticks before use (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 5. Pick the Eldon card and open the outside package and place the card on a flat surface (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 6. Inspect the card to ensure all reagent spots are present as Green, red, yellow and blue (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 7. Using a pen write the personal data on the Eldon card (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 8. Using a pipette collect water and drop a drop of water in the center directly on the reagent spots of every circle. Ensure not to touch the colored reagents with the pipette and ensure the water drops do not mix or move outside each circle to the next (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 9. Put down your pipette and Pick the lancet and twist the colored tip and pull off the tip of the safety lancet and discard it in the bin (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 10. Open by tearing the packaging to get the sterile swab and use it to clean the tip of your finger (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.).
11. Swing your arm forward and back to increase the blood flow to your fingers (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 12. Stretch the skin on the tip of the finger you wiped and puncture the soft skin at the side of your finger tip. Discard the used lancet in a sharp’s container (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 13. Massage your finger towards the punctured tip to increase blood flow (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 14. When you have a drop of blood pick the Eldon stick and place the blood on to the top tip of the Eldon stick to collect the blood and transfer it to the center of the circle where you had earlier put a drop of water. Repeat the same procedure until you have drops of blood on all the 4 circles with colors green, red, yellow and blue using different Eldon sticks on each colored circle (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 15. When done collecting the blood drops, wipe your punctured site with a dry swab and apply some pressure on it to achieve hemostasis (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 16. Stir each circle with its individual Eldon stick that was used to apply the blood drops for 10 seconds. Spread the mixture of blood and water inside the circle and ensure they do not go outside the circle so that they do not nix with the next circle. Discard the sticks after use on each circle (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 17. Pick the Eldon card and tilt it to an almost upright position (45 Degrees angle) and hold it for 10 seconds. Go ahead and rotate the cards to all angles round holding it for 10seconds at each angle. You will notice the Rhesus reaction to be slower that A and B, continue with rotating it to all angles for 10 seconds at each angle and don’t stop when you see the first reaction (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 18. When done with all the angles, place the card on a flat surface to read the results. 19. Results are most accurate when read before the card dries. Note your blood type on the Eldon card (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 20. Let the card to dry (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 21. When the card is dry, use an Eldon foil to cover/mount the Eldon card. Ensure the card is completely dry (Easy Step by Step Guide, n.d.). 22. When done discard any disposable waste materials from the lab work inside of a sterile glove and put away other materials and equipment to appropriate storage at the end of the lab work. Then disinfect the working table by spraying bleach solution and wipe with a paper towel perform hand hygiene by applying soap and scrub up to 4 inch above the wrist, scrubbing thoroughly for at least 1 minute then rinse the soap with running water. If you touch the sink or anything repeat the whole hand washing process and dry your hands with a paper towel and discard it in to the correct disposal bin. Use another paper towel to shut the faucet and dispose it. Roll down your sleeves and can leave the lab when done carry the contaminated materials and dispose it in the trash can at home.
Results: Blood Type Antigen(s) on RBC Antibody(s) in Plasma Who this blood type can donate to Who this blood type can receive blood from A A B A,AB A, O B B A B,AB B,O AB A&B NEITHER AB A,B,AB,O O NEITHER A&B A,B,AB,O O RH+ + RH None Conclusions: What is the most common blood type One of these two common blood types is present in over 70% of Americans.37.4% of people are O+. 35.7% of people are in A+ (How to Understand Blood Types, n.d.). What is the rarest blood type Certain blood types are specific to a small subset of individuals. Less than 5% of people in the US have any of the following blood types: AB-: 0.6 percent of the population-: One percent of the population and 3.4% of people are AB+ (How to Understand Blood Types, n.d.). Based off of your blood type results, who can you donate blood to? (be specific and include Rh). Based on my results O Positive i can donate to A-positive, B-positive, AB-positive, and of O- positive blood. Based off of your blood type results, who can you receive blood from? (be specific and include Rh). Based on my results O Positive can receive blood from O- positive and O-negative. I f you received blood from a Rh-positive donor. Would it affect you? Why or why not? It would not affect me The Rh-positive factor prevents the production of anti-Rh antibodies in a person. The antibodies will be produced by those who have Rh negative factor. Consequently, a person with Rh+ blood can receive transfusions of both Rh+ and Rh-, but a person with Rh- can only receive Rh-blood (What Is the Rh Factor? Why Is It Important?, n.d.). Restate: The purpose of this lab is to ascertain the blood group of a person. The purpose of doing the lab is to ascertain an individual's Rh (the D antigen) type and ABO. The purpose of blood typing is to search for any negative interactions between your blood and that of donors, whether Rh positive or Rh-negative blood is present. Explain: In the lab we will begin by preparing the working area and self. Sterilize the working area with bleach, roll up sleeves and remove jewelry and perform hand hygiene. When hands are dry wear on gloves and mask and gather all the materials and equipment’s to be used. Inspect the card to ensure all reagent spots are present as Green, red, yellow and blue.
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