Act B3_SOLN-SI_S2023_LabReport_Template
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California State University, Fullerton *
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120A
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Chemistry
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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docx
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Date: 11/3/23
Lab Day:
Lab Start Time: 11:00
Activity B.3
Relationships in Acid-Base Reactions
Lab Report
Collective Analysis
A
variable
is a property of an object that can take on different values. The relationships between
four variables were explored in experiments A (Part I) and B (Part II). The variables were V
HCl
(volume of hydrochloric acid), N
NaOH
(total number of drops of sodium hydroxide) and V
H
2
O
(volume of water), and
T (temperature change). Variables can be categorized into different
classes; this provides a structure to the data set that can help you to identify patterns (i.e.,
relationships between the values of two or more variables). In the sciences, experiments are
designed to explore relationships between independent and dependent variables.
1
. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in Experiment A.
Type of Variable
Variable Name Experiment A
Independent Variable
Volume of HCl
Dependent Variable
Total # of drops in NaOH
1a)
Briefly explain the reasons why you identified the variables above as independent or
dependent.
The independent variable, which was around the same molarity and volume around a few of
the tests, was altered in color by sodium hydroxide in varied drops, which is a dependent part
of the chemical reaction.
1b)
Describe the relationship between the independent and dependent variable in Experiment A.
Hydrochloric acid, the independent, is not the amount being studied and is a resolute variable,
compared to sodium hydroxide, which for our intents and purposes, is noted for how many
drops alters the reaction. Both increase as the reaction moves on, showing a linear reaction.
1c).
Consider experiment A in which the variable V
H
2
O
changed values between test tubes
containing the same V
HCl
(e.g., between test tubes A1 and A2). Was the relationship between the
two variables V
HCl
and N
NaOH
affected by the variable V
H
2
O
? Support your reasoning using data
from the group file
as evidence. [Hint: you may want to calculate average values of the
dependent variable for each value of V
H
2
O
]
When the amount of hydrochloric acid was watered down by the variable of water, it had a
unique effect of making the interaction more of a much more watered-down base; being more
green or even dark blue. Take for example example A6 from the class data, a volume of 8.0 H2O
and 2.0 HCl.
In sixteen drops, it went from a pH level of 1 to a harsh and deep 10. Whereas with
A3 in the same class data two rows down, a volume of just 1.2 HCL, it took twelve drops, but the
reaction was not as severe, going from a 1 to simply eight. For this, water is an extremely potent
variable in the reaction.
2.
Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in experiment B. Describe the
relationship between these two variables.
Type of Variable
Variable Name Experiment B
Independent Variable
NaOH
Dependent Variable
Temperature change
2a)
Briefly explain the reasons why you identified the variables above as independent or
dependent.
The independent variable is NaOH because it is held at a constant number. The dependent
variable in this case is the change in temperature because it is dependent on the NaOH
solution.
2b)
Describe the relationship between the independent and dependent variable in Experiment B.
The dependent variable (temperature) increases as the independent variable (volume)
increases, demonstrating a linear relationship.
2c)
Consider Experiment B in which the variable V
H
2
O
changed values between test tubes having
the same V
NaOH
(e.g, between test tubes B3 and B4). Was the relationship between the two
variables N
NaOH
and
T affected by the variable V
H
2
O
? Support your reasoning using data from
the group file
as evidence. [Hint: you may want to calculate average values of the dependent
variable for each value of V
H
2
O
]
Both variables are not affected by the variable of water here this time. When comparing B2 and
B4, there was not a significant temperature change. B2, with a water value of 4.4, had a final
temperature of 24.2. B4, with a water value of 4.0, had a final temperature of 24.8.
Gonzalez and Monteyne, Chemistry by Inquiry Activity B.3
2
3.
Two chemical systems, interaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide and the
interaction between hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide, were investigated. Use the
collection of data from the group file
to plot volume of base (y-axis) versus volume of
hydrochloric acid (x-axis) data from both systems. Use different markers to identify the different
systems.
Use the trend line function in Excel to plot the best-fit line for the class data. Be sure to check the
box for the trend line to go through the origin, and check the box to display the equation of the
trend line on the graph.
3a)
1
7
1
3
1
9
2
5
3
1
3
7
4
3
4
9
5
5
6
1
6
7
7
3
7
9
8
5
9
1
9
7
1
0
3
1
0
9
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
2
7
1
3
3
1
3
9
1
4
5
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Neutralization of HCl With NaOH and KOH (projected)
3b)
How would the value of the slope of the trend line in the previous question change if the
concentration of the hydrochloric acid was increased? Explain your reasoning.
Because the trend lines for potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide titrations are precisely
proportional, they would both rise if the hydrochloric acid concentration were to be raised.
3c)
How would the value of the slope of the trend line change if the concentration of base
(sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) was increased? Explain your reasoning.
If the base's concentration (potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide) were to rise, the trend
line's slope would fall. More concentration of NaOH would result in a faster reach of the
equivalency point.
Gonzalez and Monteyne, Chemistry by Inquiry Activity B.3
Volume of Base (aq) (+/- 0.05mL)
3
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10:00 A
l 5G |
Question 6 of 15
Submit
What mass grams of nitric acid , HNO3, is required to
neutralize (completely react with) 4.30
g of Ca(OH)2
according to the acid-base reaction:
2
HNO:(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) →
2
H20(1) +
Ca(NO3)2(aq)
X
STARTING AMOUNT
ADD FACTOR
ANSWER
RESET
*( )
74.10
3.60
mol Ca(OH)2
18.02
0.0682
g H20
2
164.10
mol Ca(NO3)2
6.022 x 1023
0.0580
g HNO3
4.30
0.116
mol H20
1
mol HNO,
7.31
g Ca(ОН)2
63.02
g Ca(NO3)2
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1.00 M
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The partition coefficient (K) of methylamine (CH3NH2) is 4.50, preferring the organic layer over the aqueous layer in this extraction. The Ka of methylammonium (CH3NH3+) is 2.00 x 10-11. If 10 mL aqueous methylamine solution at pH 11.0 is extracted with 20.0 mL organic solvent, what is the fraction of solute remaining in the water (q)?
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14.3%
10.0%
18.2%
81.8%
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How many grams of nitric acid , HNO3, are required to neutralize (completely react
with) 4.30 |g of Ca(OH)2 according to the acid-base reaction:
2
HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) –
2 H20(1) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
STARTING AMOUNT
ADD FACTOR
ANSWER
RESET
*( )
1
6.022 x 1023
0.116
74.10
164.10
0.0580
4.30
0.0682
3.60
18.02
7.31
63.02
|g Ca(ОН)2
mol HNO3
g Ca(NO3)2
mol H20
g HNO3
g H20
mol Ca(NO3)2
mol Ca(OH)2
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Concentration (grams/kg H₂O)
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2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 10
7
8
9
10
20
30
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What is the maximum amount of NaNO3 that can be dissolved
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Buret contains NaOH solution
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II
Final Reading HCI
Initial Reading HCI
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Initial Reading NaOH
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10.55
1 ml HCI
1 mL NAOH
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mL NaOH
mL HCL
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1 mL NaOH =
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Vf (mL)
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13.88
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Mass (g) of 1 Tablet
Volume (mL) of Dilute Tablet Solution
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Total No. of mmol Ascorbic Acid
Present in the Volumetric Flask
Total Mass (mg) of Ascorbic Acid
Present in 1 Tablet
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Deviation
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation (%RSD)
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50.00
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1
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