Clinical

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PITC Institute *

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LPN

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Chemistry

Date

Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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6

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Terminology for Diagnostic Testing Angiography: A method of injecting a dye into an artery and obtaining an x-ray study of blood vessels, tumors, and lesions. Arteriography: Radiography of an artery or arterial system after injection of a contrast medium into the bloodstream. Bronchoscopy : Inspection of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree through a bronchoscope. Cardiac catheterization: Introduction of a catheter into the heart chambers to confirm a diagnosis or to evaluate the extent of the disease process. Colposcopy : A gynecologic examination that uses the colposcope to examine the walls of the vagina and the cervix. Complete blood count (CBC): Includes type and number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin. Computed tomography (CT) scan: Through use of a computer, cathode ray tubes emit radiation at different depths to show the density of tissues and organs, indicating malformations, tumors, or other irregularities; also called computed axial tomography (CAT) scan. Conization : Coring or removal of the mucous lining of the cervical canal and its glands by means of cutting with a high-frequency current; performed when a Pap smear indicates abnormal cells. Cytology : The study of the structure, function, and pathology of cells. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP ): Examination of the biliary system done through a flexible endoscope and instillation of contrast medium into the ampulla of Vater of the pancreas. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): Endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Fluoroscopy : Examination by means of fluoroscope using x-ray studies displayed on a fluorescent screen. Glucometer : A small machine used to measure glucose content of capillary blood. Hematology : The study of blood and its components. Histology : The branch of anatomy dealing with the structure, composition, and function of tissues. Intravenous pyelography (IVP): Injection of a dye into a vein to show urine flow through the renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder on x-ray examination. KUB x-ray : X-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Liquid-based cytology (LBC ): This type of Pap smear performed in approximately 90% of Pap smears in the United States. In contrast to the traditional Pap, it produces a sample that has improved clarity and quality. Instead of cells being placed directly onto a microscope slide, they are deposited into a small bottle of preservative liquid. Lumbar puncture : Insertion of a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae to withdraw samples of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis and to measure the pressure; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A noninvasive method, based on magnetic fields, of visualizing soft tissue without the use of contrast media or ionizing radiation. Papanicolaou (Pap) smear : A laboratory test to detect cancer, especially cervical, vaginal, or uterine cancer; use began in the 1950s. Later the test was improved by use of LBC. Paracentesis : A needle puncture of the abdomen to remove ascites fluid, to perform a lavage, or to initiate peritoneal dialysis. Proctosigmoidoscopy : Examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon with a sigmoidoscope. Radiography: The making of film records of internal structures of the body by exposure of film sensitized to x-rays. Radioimmunoassay (RIA): Use of radionuclides, following principles of immunology, to measure materials present in blood in minute amounts. Radionuclides: Radioactive substances that disintegrate with the emission of electromagnetic radiation. Radiopharmaceutical : A radioactive pharmaceutical substance used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Sequential multiple assay (SMA): A series of assay tests for a variety of chemical substances performed one after another on one blood or serum sample by a chemical analyzer. Thoracentesis: Insertion of a needle through the chest wall to the pleural space to drain fluid or air or to instill medication. Treadmill stress test: A test that measures heart rate and blood pressure response to clinically controlled active exercise on a treadmill (a machine with a moving belt on which one walks while staying in one place). Ultrasonography: A technique in which deep structures of the body are visualized by recording the reflections (echoes) of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Blood Chemistry Tests and Their Purpose Glucose - Diabetes or hypoglycemia Bilirubin, ALT, ALP, and albumin - Liver AST - Liver or coronary artery disease BUN and creatinine - Kidney LDH, Ck, and troponins - Heart Calcium - Parathyroid and calcium metabolism Cholesterol - Potential for atherosclerotic heart disease Phosphate - Kidney failure, bone metastasis, and hypercalcemia Total protein - Malnutrition, liver disease Uric acid – Gout
Lab Values 4.5-5.5 RBC 4,500-10,000 WBC <20 ESR 30-40 PTT 2-3 INR 100,000-450,000 platelets 12.0-14.0 HgB Female 14.0-16.0 HgB male 36.0-50.0 Hct . <5.4 HbA1c . 5.5-6.4 HbA1c High Risk . >6.5 Considered Diabetics . 135-145 Sodium . 3.5-5.3 Potassium . 95-107 Chloride . 8.5-10.5 Calcium . 1.6-2.4 Magnesium . 2.5-4.5 Phosphorus . 70-110 Fasting Blood Glucose . 80-120 Normal Blood. Glucose . <200 Total Cholesterol 1 / 2
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