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Lab 9: Engineering a Better Air bag
Nathaniel Morales
Nov 9, 2023
PURPOSE STATEMENT: In this lab, we aim to understand how airbags work by
investigating the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) needed to inflate one. We'll use the ideal
gas law to support our findings and explore the different substances and chemical reactions
required to generate the necessary CO2 without causing an explosion. Additionally, we'll
apply basic chemical concepts like balancing chemical equations and understanding
chemical formulas to solve specific problems during the experiment.
Pre-laboratory Questions
1.
What does the term stoichiometry mean for a balanced chemical equation?
Stoichiometry in a balanced chemical equation is like a recipe that tells us how much of
one substance we need by looking at how much of another substance is used in a
reaction. It helps us understand the amounts and proportions of chemicals involved in a
reaction, just as a recipe guides us in cooking by specifying how much of each ingredient
to use (Libretexts, 2023).
2.
What is the Ideal Gas Law?
The Ideal Gas Law is a basic formula explaining how ideal gasses act. It's expressed as P *
V = n * R * T, where P represents pressure, V is for volume, n stands for the number of
gas moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T denotes temperature measured in kelvins.
This law is handy for grasping the connections between these properties in ideal gas
situations (Britannica, 2023).
.
3.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction that fills an automobile air bag.
2 NaN3(s) -> 3N2(g) + 2Na(s)
4.
Explain how an airbag deploys when an impact of 10–15 miles per hour is detected.
If a car crashes at a speed of 10-15 miles per hour, the airbag kicks in. Sensors notice the
crash, and a signal goes to the airbag inflator. The inflator has chemicals that make nitrogen
gas when ignited. This gas fills the airbag super fast, protecting people inside by cushioning
the impact. The whole thing happens really quickly to keep everyone safe without causing
harm.
Data Table 1: Model Air Bag
Activity
Data and Calculations
Volume of 6 × 9 inch bag
1.20L
Room temperature in Kelvin
291K
Room pressure in atm
1.01atm
Moles of CO
2
required to inflate bag
at room temperature and pressure
0.0506atm
Balanced equation for the reaction
of NaHCO
3
and CH
3
COOH to
produce CO
2
H20 + CO2CH3COONa
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Mass of NaHCO
3
needed for the
reaction (84.0 g/mol)
4.25g
Volume of vinegar required
(0.833 M acetic acid)
16.5607 mL
Data Table 2: Model Air Bag
Trial
#
NaHCO
3
(grams)
Vinegar
(mL)
Observations
1
4.23 g
16.58 mL
The plastic bag started fizzing and bubbling.
2
4.26 g
21.12 mL
This bag seemed to react faster than the last lasting for a
longer period of time as well as bubbly.
3
4.31 g
32 mL
The additional vinegar causes more fizzing bubbling. This
bag reacted the most.
Data Table 3: 80-L Driver-Side Air Bag
Activity
Calculations
Moles of CO
2
required to
inflate 80-L driver-side air
bag at room temperature
and pressure
(1.01)(80)/(0.082)(291) = 3.386 = 3.39
Balanced equation for the
reaction of NaHCO
3
and
CH
3
COOH to CO
2
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH = CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Mass of NaHCO
3
needed
for the reaction
(84.0 g/mol)
273 g
Volume of vinegar required
(0.833 M acetic acid)
3900 mL Volume of vinegar required
Data Table 4: 160-L Front Passenger-Side Air Bag
Activity
Calculations
Moles of CO
2
required to
inflate 160-L front
passenger-side air bag at
room temperature and
pressure
At room temperature and pressure, 7.14 moles of CO2 are
needed to inflate a 160-L front passenger-side airbag.
Balanced equation for the
reaction of NaHCO
3
and
CH
3
COOH to CO
2
3 NaHCO3 + C6H8O7
→
3 CO2 + 3 H2O + Na3C6H5O7
Mass of NaHCO
3
needed for
the reaction
(84.0 g/mol)
600 grams
Volume of vinegar required
(0.833 M acetic acid)
8470mL
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Laboratory Questions
1.
Does temperature make a difference in how much carbon dioxide gas is needed to inflate
a 60-L air bag using the reaction of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid? Compare a
winter day at 0°C and standard pressure with a summer day at 35°C and standard
pressure. Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas required for a 60-L
inflation at both temperatures and then calculate the percent difference in moles.
2.
Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas (N
2
) that are needed to inflate a 67-L
driver-side air bag at standard temperature (0°C) and pressure (1 atm). Start by balancing
the reaction shown below.
_NaN
3
(s)
→
_Na(s) + _N
2
(g)
= 67 L / 22.4 L
= 2.99 moles
3.
Calculate the grams of sodium azide (NaN
3
) required to produce the number of moles of
nitrogen gas calculated in Question 2.
= 2.99 x 65
= 194.35 g
4.
How many grams of sodium metal are produced in the decomposition of sodium azide
shown in Question 2?
=2.99 x 2 x 23/3
= 45.85 g
General Lab Question
1.
Based on the observed performance of the airbag models and the amounts of sodium
bicarbonate and acetic acid (vinegar) needed for an automotive air bag of 80 or 160 L, are
these reactants a good substitute for sodium azide? One additional note regarding sodium
azide: the rate of inflation after a triggering impact is 40 milliseconds (0.04 s).
The decomposition of sodium azide indeed results in an explosive reaction, evident
through the rapid inflation of the airbag. In contrast, the reaction between sodium
and acetic acid (vinegar) is not a viable substitute because its reaction rate is
considerably slower.
Photos:
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CONCLUSION: The lab looked at how airbags inflate using a mix of sodium bicarbonate
and acetic acid. Different reactions were seen in model airbags, and calculations for bigger
airbags showed it could work practically. But whether sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid are
good replacements for sodium azide needs more thought, considering how quickly sodium
azide inflates after an impact.
References:
Carolina Biological Supply. (n.d.). Lab 8 Investigation Manual: Balancing Chemical
Equations. Retrieved July 09, 2020, from
https://media.ccconline.org/ccco/CarolinaLabs/CHE101/8_ Engineering_a_Better_
Air_bag_ADA.pdf
Libretexts. (2023b, June 30).
Stoichiometry and balancing reactions
. Chemistry
LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_a
nd_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balanci
ng_Reactions
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, October 19).
ideal gas law
.
Encyclopedia
Britannica
. https://www.britannica.com/science/ideal-gas-law
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