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Lab 9: Engineering a Better Air bag
Nathaniel Morales
Nov 9, 2023
PURPOSE STATEMENT: In this lab, we aim to understand how airbags work by
investigating the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) needed to inflate one. We'll use the ideal
gas law to support our findings and explore the different substances and chemical reactions
required to generate the necessary CO2 without causing an explosion. Additionally, we'll
apply basic chemical concepts like balancing chemical equations and understanding
chemical formulas to solve specific problems during the experiment.
Pre-laboratory Questions
1.
What does the term stoichiometry mean for a balanced chemical equation?
Stoichiometry in a balanced chemical equation is like a recipe that tells us how much of
one substance we need by looking at how much of another substance is used in a
reaction. It helps us understand the amounts and proportions of chemicals involved in a
reaction, just as a recipe guides us in cooking by specifying how much of each ingredient
to use (Libretexts, 2023).
2.
What is the Ideal Gas Law?
The Ideal Gas Law is a basic formula explaining how ideal gasses act. It's expressed as P *
V = n * R * T, where P represents pressure, V is for volume, n stands for the number of
gas moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T denotes temperature measured in kelvins.
This law is handy for grasping the connections between these properties in ideal gas
situations (Britannica, 2023).
.
3.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction that fills an automobile air bag.
2 NaN3(s) -> 3N2(g) + 2Na(s)
4.
Explain how an airbag deploys when an impact of 10–15 miles per hour is detected.
If a car crashes at a speed of 10-15 miles per hour, the airbag kicks in. Sensors notice the
crash, and a signal goes to the airbag inflator. The inflator has chemicals that make nitrogen
gas when ignited. This gas fills the airbag super fast, protecting people inside by cushioning
the impact. The whole thing happens really quickly to keep everyone safe without causing
harm.
Data Table 1: Model Air Bag
Activity
Data and Calculations
Volume of 6 × 9 inch bag
1.20L
Room temperature in Kelvin
291K
Room pressure in atm
1.01atm
Moles of CO
2
required to inflate bag
at room temperature and pressure
0.0506atm
Balanced equation for the reaction
of NaHCO
3
and CH
3
COOH to
produce CO
2
H20 + CO2CH3COONa
Mass of NaHCO
3
needed for the
reaction (84.0 g/mol)
4.25g
Volume of vinegar required
(0.833 M acetic acid)
16.5607 mL
Data Table 2: Model Air Bag
Trial
#
NaHCO
3
(grams)
Vinegar
(mL)
Observations
1
4.23 g
16.58 mL
The plastic bag started fizzing and bubbling.
2
4.26 g
21.12 mL
This bag seemed to react faster than the last lasting for a
longer period of time as well as bubbly.
3
4.31 g
32 mL
The additional vinegar causes more fizzing bubbling. This
bag reacted the most.
Data Table 3: 80-L Driver-Side Air Bag
Activity
Calculations
Moles of CO
2
required to
inflate 80-L driver-side air
bag at room temperature
and pressure
(1.01)(80)/(0.082)(291) = 3.386 = 3.39
Balanced equation for the
reaction of NaHCO
3
and
CH
3
COOH to CO
2
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH = CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Mass of NaHCO
3
needed
for the reaction
(84.0 g/mol)
273 g
Volume of vinegar required
(0.833 M acetic acid)
3900 mL Volume of vinegar required
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Related Questions
Chlorine atoms in the atmosphere can react with ozone. Mathematically combine
the following two reactions to create an overall balanced equation with the lowest
whole-number coefficients. All chemical species in the reaction are gas-phase.
Which of the following best represents the overall reaction?
C1+03 → Clo+0₂
c10+ 0 → Cl + 0₂
To combine the reactions to create the overall balanced equation, you need to eliminate spectator
species and only include the remaining species.
O There are two lone chlorine atoms in the overall balanced reaction.
O Two chlorine atoms can cause the production of two oxygen molecules.
O CIO appears on the reactant and product side of the overall balanced reaction.
Lone oxygen atoms are consumed by the overall reaction.
O There is a net conversion of O2 to 03.
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MISSED THIS? Read Section 67
Page 235 230) Watch WEL6.12
Carbon monoxide gas reacts with hydrogen gas to
form methanol via the following reaction
CO(g) +2H₂(g)-CH₂OH(g)
A175 L reaction vessel initially at 305 K.
contains carbon monoxide gas at a partial pressure
of 232 minHg and hydrogen gas at a partial
pressure of 394 mmHg
Part A
Identify the limiting reactant and determine the theoretical yield of methanol in grams
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
View Available Hint(s)
Value
Submit
4 →
Units
?
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CHAPTER 4-STOICHIOMETRY: QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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30
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tv
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E
Help
D
Calcium hydride reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
CaH₂ (s) + 2 H₂O(l) → → Ca(OH)₂ (s) + H₂(g)
If 7.003 g CaH₂ is combined with 61.000 g H₂O, the reaction proceeds until all the CaH2 is consumed. The hydrogen gas escapes to the environment, and the final weight of the flask is 67.332 g.
The remaining water is evaporated, leaving 12.327 g Ca(OH)2. What mass of water is consumed in the reaction?
g H₂O
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Directions: Read the paragraph below and then respond to the questions.
Hydrogen peroxide is a liquid that breaks down and releases bubbles of
oxygen gas. By adding a catalyst, this chemical reaction occurs faster
and is completed more quickly. Patty uses a hydrogen peroxide product
with a catalyst to clean her contact lenses every night, and she has to
wait until morning for the bubbles to stop forming so she knows the
reaction is finished. Patty wants to design an experiment to determine
2
the effect of changing the amount of a catalyst on how fast this reaction
occurs. Patty obtains a 500mL bottle of hydrogen peroxide and 25 grams
of the catalyst.
3
14
15
16
17
1) What should be the independent variable in Patty's experiment?
18
19
8Sheet1
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#15
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Determine each type of reaction.
NH,NO3 (s) → N,O (g) +2 H2O (1) Choose...
CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) → CH3OH (1) Choose..
CaCl2 (aq) + Na,CO3 (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + CACO3 (s) Choose..
2 C2H2 (g) + 5 02 (g) → 4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (1) Choose...
|
2 Fe (s) + 6 HC1 (aq) → 2 FeCl3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g) Choose...
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Consider the combustion reaction for octane (Cg H₁g), which is a primary component of gasoline.
18
How
-
2 Cg H18 + 25 0₂ → 16CO₂ +18 H₂O
many moles of CO₂ are emitted into the atmosphere when 30.1 g Cg H₁g is burned?
18
CO, emitted:
4
mol CO2
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0.0784 moles of substance A is dissolved in water to make a 2.00 L solution. Then, substance B is added, without changing the
volume of the solution, and the following reaction takes place:
2A (aq) + 3B (aq) →2C (aq)
During the course of the reaction, concentration of A is monitored. After 100 seconds into the reaction, it was found that 0.0570
moles of A is remaining.
Calculate the rate of disappearance of A in the first 100 seconds of the reaction.
Hint: Since rate is defined as the change in molar concentration (mol/L) over time, start by calculating molarity of A in the
beginning of the reaction, and 100 seconds after.
rate =
A [A]
At
O 3.92x104 M.s1
O 2.14x104 MS1
O 1.07x10 M.s1
O 5.34x10 Ms
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A flask is charged with 0.140 mol of A and allowed to react to form B according to the following hypothetical gas-phase
reaction.
A(g) → B(g)
The following data are collected.
Os
0
40 S
0.072
80 s
0.025
120 s
0.014
(a) Calculate the number of moles of B at each time in the table.
160 s
0.013
0 - 40 s
0.0018
40 - 80 s
0.000625
80 - 120 s
0.00035
120 - 160 mol/s
0.000325
times (s)
mol
mol
x mol
x mol
moles of A
X mol
mol/s
mol/s
0
(b) Calculate the average rate of disappearance of A for each 40 s interval, in units of mol/s.
mol/s
40
mol/s
80
120
0.140 0.068 0.043 0.029
160
0.016
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Hydrogen peroxide decomposes as shown below:
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
molar mass H2O2 = (34.0 g/mol)
A sample of hydrogen peroxide solution was analyzed using the procedure from the “Enzymatic Decomposition and Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide” experiment. A 7.54 g sample of the solution generated 0.0277 mol of oxygen gas.
Calculate the mass percent of H2O2 in the solution.
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e HW 11/10
ormat Tools Add-ons Help
Last edit was 5 minutes ago
BIUA
Normal text
Helvetica...
11
2
3
Which letter correctly labels the reactants in the chemical reaction?
4AI +
302 2 Al203
C
A. A
В. В
С. С
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Reaction 1
FeO(s) + CO(g) → Fe(1) + CO2(g)
AG" > 0
Reaction 2:
C(s) + CO2(g) → 2 CO(g)
AGzn <0
Overall reaction:
FeO(s) + C(s) → Fe(l) + CO(g)
AG n < 0
Subm
The chemical equations above represent the main reactions that occur during the production of Fe(l) under certain conditions. The overall reaction couples reactions 1 and 2, resulting in a
< 0?
thermodynamically favorable process. Which of the following best explains whether or not a particle diagram could represent how the coupling of reaction 1 and reaction 2 results in AG
A particle diagram that represents the increase in the volume of gaseous product particles would be a good representation of how the coupling of reactions 1 and 2 results in a
thermodynamically favorable process.
A particle diagram that represents the decrease in the average kinetic energy of the particles would be a good representation of how the coupling of reactions 1 and 2 results in a
thermodynamically favorable process.
A particle diagram cannot represent…
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In the laboratory, hydrogen gas of good purity can most easily be obtained by the reaction of a strong acid, like sulfuric acid, on a reactive metal, such as zinc:
Zn(s)+H,SO,(aq)
ZnSO, (aq)+H,(g)
4
4
2.
Suppose an engineer decides to study the rate of this reaction. He prepares four reaction vessels by adding 171.5 g of solid zinc and 77. mL of 5.0 M sulfuric
acid solution to each, and then filling the remainder of the vessel with distilled water. The volume and temperature of each vessel is shown in the table below.
Arrange the reaction vessels in decreasing order of initial rate of reaction. In other words, select a "1" next to the vessel in which the engineer can reasonably
expect the initial rate of reaction to be highest, a "2" next to the vessel in which the initial rate of reaction would be next highest, and so on.
initial rate of
vessel
volume temperature
reaction
A
3.0 L
- 5.0 °C
?
В
3.0 L
-4.0 °C
?
C
2.0 L
-4.0 °C
D
5.0 L
- 5.0 °C
?
>
>
>
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5
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6.) This reaction occurs at constant temperature and pressure. The container in which this reaction is taking place has a movable wall. This allows the volume to change but keeps the pressure constant. At the beginning, only reactants are present. Then the reaction occurs. Given this, which of the following statements is true? (Circle one.) 2 H2 (g) + 1 CO (g) 1 CH4O(g)
(a) The volume stays the same as the reaction occurs (
(b.)The volume decreases as the reaction occurs
c) The volume increases as the reaction occurs
(d) Cannot be answered with the information given
Explain:
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I need help with my chemistry homework
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Emergency oxygen masks contain potassium superoxide (KO₂). The chemical equation for the reaction of KO₂ with H₂O and CO₂ to
produce O₂ is shown below.
4KHCO3 + 302
If a person wearing a mask exhales 0.74 g of CO2 every minute, then how many grams of O₂ will be produced in 25 minutes? Assume
the reaction speed is essentially instant.
4KO + 2H₂O + 4CO.
2
2
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13. A mixture of Co(g) and Ozlg) is placed in a rigid, sealed container as shown in the particle diagram. The
Co(g) reacts with the 02(g) according to the following reaction.
2c0(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
Which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the reaction mixture after the reaction goes to
completion?
000
00
00
000
(A)
(C)
00
000
000 000
000
000
000
00
00
000
000 000
000
(D)
000 000
(B)
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- Chlorine atoms in the atmosphere can react with ozone. Mathematically combine the following two reactions to create an overall balanced equation with the lowest whole-number coefficients. All chemical species in the reaction are gas-phase. Which of the following best represents the overall reaction? C1+03 → Clo+0₂ c10+ 0 → Cl + 0₂ To combine the reactions to create the overall balanced equation, you need to eliminate spectator species and only include the remaining species. O There are two lone chlorine atoms in the overall balanced reaction. O Two chlorine atoms can cause the production of two oxygen molecules. O CIO appears on the reactant and product side of the overall balanced reaction. Lone oxygen atoms are consumed by the overall reaction. O There is a net conversion of O2 to 03.arrow_forwardMISSED THIS? Read Section 67 Page 235 230) Watch WEL6.12 Carbon monoxide gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form methanol via the following reaction CO(g) +2H₂(g)-CH₂OH(g) A175 L reaction vessel initially at 305 K. contains carbon monoxide gas at a partial pressure of 232 minHg and hydrogen gas at a partial pressure of 394 mmHg Part A Identify the limiting reactant and determine the theoretical yield of methanol in grams Express your answer with the appropriate units. View Available Hint(s) Value Submit 4 → Units ?arrow_forwardFile Edit View History Bookmarks Window DOD SC ¡! Previous Page 1 of 4 C A T option Z 11 2 W Next → S CHAPTER 4-STOICHIOMETRY: QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS X 30 S command tv 3 S E Help D Calcium hydride reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. CaH₂ (s) + 2 H₂O(l) → → Ca(OH)₂ (s) + H₂(g) If 7.003 g CaH₂ is combined with 61.000 g H₂O, the reaction proceeds until all the CaH2 is consumed. The hydrogen gas escapes to the environment, and the final weight of the flask is 67.332 g. The remaining water is evaporated, leaving 12.327 g Ca(OH)2. What mass of water is consumed in the reaction? g H₂O C LE S R Document3.docx F @ FOCUPSIA ProPrienc 17.50 % V C T east.cengagenow.com G C BLOMNI Wenarchive 6 B C MacBook Pro & 7 H C₁3 N C Online t... Yesterday at 6:04 AM U O AUO 75 71177 21 101.544M *00 J O M K 10 KB G 741 KR 28 Micros...(.docx) Wen Annive L P WOO command Study I option Tue Oct 11 11:2 U Save and Exit Progress Submit Quiz G Save and Exit +…arrow_forward
- Please help, asap Will provide helpful ratings for correct solution.arrow_forwardDirections: Read the paragraph below and then respond to the questions. Hydrogen peroxide is a liquid that breaks down and releases bubbles of oxygen gas. By adding a catalyst, this chemical reaction occurs faster and is completed more quickly. Patty uses a hydrogen peroxide product with a catalyst to clean her contact lenses every night, and she has to wait until morning for the bubbles to stop forming so she knows the reaction is finished. Patty wants to design an experiment to determine 2 the effect of changing the amount of a catalyst on how fast this reaction occurs. Patty obtains a 500mL bottle of hydrogen peroxide and 25 grams of the catalyst. 3 14 15 16 17 1) What should be the independent variable in Patty's experiment? 18 19 8Sheet1arrow_forward#15arrow_forward
- Determine each type of reaction. NH,NO3 (s) → N,O (g) +2 H2O (1) Choose... CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) → CH3OH (1) Choose.. CaCl2 (aq) + Na,CO3 (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + CACO3 (s) Choose.. 2 C2H2 (g) + 5 02 (g) → 4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (1) Choose... | 2 Fe (s) + 6 HC1 (aq) → 2 FeCl3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g) Choose...arrow_forwardConsider the combustion reaction for octane (Cg H₁g), which is a primary component of gasoline. 18 How - 2 Cg H18 + 25 0₂ → 16CO₂ +18 H₂O many moles of CO₂ are emitted into the atmosphere when 30.1 g Cg H₁g is burned? 18 CO, emitted: 4 mol CO2arrow_forward0.0784 moles of substance A is dissolved in water to make a 2.00 L solution. Then, substance B is added, without changing the volume of the solution, and the following reaction takes place: 2A (aq) + 3B (aq) →2C (aq) During the course of the reaction, concentration of A is monitored. After 100 seconds into the reaction, it was found that 0.0570 moles of A is remaining. Calculate the rate of disappearance of A in the first 100 seconds of the reaction. Hint: Since rate is defined as the change in molar concentration (mol/L) over time, start by calculating molarity of A in the beginning of the reaction, and 100 seconds after. rate = A [A] At O 3.92x104 M.s1 O 2.14x104 MS1 O 1.07x10 M.s1 O 5.34x10 Msarrow_forward
- A flask is charged with 0.140 mol of A and allowed to react to form B according to the following hypothetical gas-phase reaction. A(g) → B(g) The following data are collected. Os 0 40 S 0.072 80 s 0.025 120 s 0.014 (a) Calculate the number of moles of B at each time in the table. 160 s 0.013 0 - 40 s 0.0018 40 - 80 s 0.000625 80 - 120 s 0.00035 120 - 160 mol/s 0.000325 times (s) mol mol x mol x mol moles of A X mol mol/s mol/s 0 (b) Calculate the average rate of disappearance of A for each 40 s interval, in units of mol/s. mol/s 40 mol/s 80 120 0.140 0.068 0.043 0.029 160 0.016arrow_forwardHydrogen peroxide decomposes as shown below: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 molar mass H2O2 = (34.0 g/mol) A sample of hydrogen peroxide solution was analyzed using the procedure from the “Enzymatic Decomposition and Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide” experiment. A 7.54 g sample of the solution generated 0.0277 mol of oxygen gas. Calculate the mass percent of H2O2 in the solution.arrow_forwarde HW 11/10 ormat Tools Add-ons Help Last edit was 5 minutes ago BIUA Normal text Helvetica... 11 2 3 Which letter correctly labels the reactants in the chemical reaction? 4AI + 302 2 Al203 C A. A В. В С. Сarrow_forward
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