Lab 9 .docx

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Dec 6, 2023

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Lab 9: Engineering a Better Air bag Nathaniel Morales Nov 9, 2023
PURPOSE STATEMENT: In this lab, we aim to understand how airbags work by investigating the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) needed to inflate one. We'll use the ideal gas law to support our findings and explore the different substances and chemical reactions required to generate the necessary CO2 without causing an explosion. Additionally, we'll apply basic chemical concepts like balancing chemical equations and understanding chemical formulas to solve specific problems during the experiment. Pre-laboratory Questions 1. What does the term stoichiometry mean for a balanced chemical equation? Stoichiometry in a balanced chemical equation is like a recipe that tells us how much of one substance we need by looking at how much of another substance is used in a reaction. It helps us understand the amounts and proportions of chemicals involved in a reaction, just as a recipe guides us in cooking by specifying how much of each ingredient to use (Libretexts, 2023). 2. What is the Ideal Gas Law? The Ideal Gas Law is a basic formula explaining how ideal gasses act. It's expressed as P * V = n * R * T, where P represents pressure, V is for volume, n stands for the number of gas moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T denotes temperature measured in kelvins. This law is handy for grasping the connections between these properties in ideal gas situations (Britannica, 2023). . 3. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that fills an automobile air bag. 2 NaN3(s) -> 3N2(g) + 2Na(s)
4. Explain how an airbag deploys when an impact of 10–15 miles per hour is detected. If a car crashes at a speed of 10-15 miles per hour, the airbag kicks in. Sensors notice the crash, and a signal goes to the airbag inflator. The inflator has chemicals that make nitrogen gas when ignited. This gas fills the airbag super fast, protecting people inside by cushioning the impact. The whole thing happens really quickly to keep everyone safe without causing harm. Data Table 1: Model Air Bag Activity Data and Calculations Volume of 6 × 9 inch bag 1.20L Room temperature in Kelvin 291K Room pressure in atm 1.01atm Moles of CO 2 required to inflate bag at room temperature and pressure 0.0506atm Balanced equation for the reaction of NaHCO 3 and CH 3 COOH to produce CO 2 H20 + CO2CH3COONa
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Mass of NaHCO 3 needed for the reaction (84.0 g/mol) 4.25g Volume of vinegar required (0.833 M acetic acid) 16.5607 mL
Data Table 2: Model Air Bag Trial # NaHCO 3 (grams) Vinegar (mL) Observations 1 4.23 g 16.58 mL The plastic bag started fizzing and bubbling. 2 4.26 g 21.12 mL This bag seemed to react faster than the last lasting for a longer period of time as well as bubbly. 3 4.31 g 32 mL The additional vinegar causes more fizzing bubbling. This bag reacted the most. Data Table 3: 80-L Driver-Side Air Bag Activity Calculations Moles of CO 2 required to inflate 80-L driver-side air bag at room temperature and pressure (1.01)(80)/(0.082)(291) = 3.386 = 3.39 Balanced equation for the reaction of NaHCO 3 and CH 3 COOH to CO 2 NaHCO3 + CH3COOH = CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Mass of NaHCO 3 needed for the reaction (84.0 g/mol) 273 g Volume of vinegar required (0.833 M acetic acid) 3900 mL Volume of vinegar required
Data Table 4: 160-L Front Passenger-Side Air Bag Activity Calculations Moles of CO 2 required to inflate 160-L front passenger-side air bag at room temperature and pressure At room temperature and pressure, 7.14 moles of CO2 are needed to inflate a 160-L front passenger-side airbag. Balanced equation for the reaction of NaHCO 3 and CH 3 COOH to CO 2 3 NaHCO3 + C6H8O7 3 CO2 + 3 H2O + Na3C6H5O7 Mass of NaHCO 3 needed for the reaction (84.0 g/mol) 600 grams Volume of vinegar required (0.833 M acetic acid) 8470mL
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Laboratory Questions 1. Does temperature make a difference in how much carbon dioxide gas is needed to inflate a 60-L air bag using the reaction of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid? Compare a winter day at 0°C and standard pressure with a summer day at 35°C and standard pressure. Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas required for a 60-L inflation at both temperatures and then calculate the percent difference in moles. 2. Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas (N 2 ) that are needed to inflate a 67-L driver-side air bag at standard temperature (0°C) and pressure (1 atm). Start by balancing the reaction shown below. _NaN 3 (s) _Na(s) + _N 2 (g) = 67 L / 22.4 L = 2.99 moles 3. Calculate the grams of sodium azide (NaN 3 ) required to produce the number of moles of nitrogen gas calculated in Question 2.
= 2.99 x 65 = 194.35 g 4. How many grams of sodium metal are produced in the decomposition of sodium azide shown in Question 2? =2.99 x 2 x 23/3 = 45.85 g
General Lab Question 1. Based on the observed performance of the airbag models and the amounts of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid (vinegar) needed for an automotive air bag of 80 or 160 L, are these reactants a good substitute for sodium azide? One additional note regarding sodium azide: the rate of inflation after a triggering impact is 40 milliseconds (0.04 s). The decomposition of sodium azide indeed results in an explosive reaction, evident through the rapid inflation of the airbag. In contrast, the reaction between sodium and acetic acid (vinegar) is not a viable substitute because its reaction rate is considerably slower. Photos:
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CONCLUSION: The lab looked at how airbags inflate using a mix of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid. Different reactions were seen in model airbags, and calculations for bigger airbags showed it could work practically. But whether sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid are good replacements for sodium azide needs more thought, considering how quickly sodium azide inflates after an impact.
References: Carolina Biological Supply. (n.d.). Lab 8 Investigation Manual: Balancing Chemical Equations. Retrieved July 09, 2020, from https://media.ccconline.org/ccco/CarolinaLabs/CHE101/8_ Engineering_a_Better_ Air_bag_ADA.pdf Libretexts. (2023b, June 30). Stoichiometry and balancing reactions . Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_a nd_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balanci ng_Reactions Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, October 19). ideal gas law . Encyclopedia Britannica . https://www.britannica.com/science/ideal-gas-law