Goody's acid base AC

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Dec 6, 2023

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Goody’s Acid-Base Powder Extraction N ame: Aliyah Carmichael Chem 2123-002 Abstract This acid-base experiment’s purpose was to extract 1400mg of Goody’s Tablets into four components using solvents dichloromethane and ethanol and chemical properties to determine aspirin and acetaminophen’s purity and percentage recovery. The four ingredients are aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, and a binder. These ingredients were isolated based on their physical properties, such as solubility and density. The recovering results found were 2.84% & 200% for aspirin and acetaminophen, respectively. Introduction Goody’s Powder is an over-the-counter pain reliever that contains aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, and a binder. A binder is a neutral substance that holds ingredients in a tablet together after packing and shipage; the binder isn’t soluble in common organic solvents or water. The combination of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine provide fast pain relief and are all soluble. (figure 1) Figure 1
The extraction process is when ingredients in a mixture are separated into pure components, which can be through filtration, distillation, or chromatography. When it comes to the extraction in this experiment of multiple substances that are smaller molecules, chemical reactivity and physical properties such as solubility, polarity, and density are to be relied on. In this experiment, immiscible (not able to be mixed) solvents are used for liquid-to-liquid extraction to extract compounds by manipulating boiling points, breaking their intermolecular forces, resulting in a precipitate. A separatory funnel is used for the separation process and drainage of the extracted compound. The organic solvents used were dichloromethane and ethanol. “Like dissolves like.” Solubility and density properties play a vital role in this acid-base reaction. Figure 2 below provides an informative guide about the molecular weight and melting point of the various components and their molecular structure that helps to identify whether they can act as an acid or base compared to each other. The pKa for aspirin is 3.49, and the pKa for acetaminophen is 9.71, proving that aspirin is more acidic than acetaminophen. While Aspirin and caffeine were soluble in the dichloromethane. The binder and acetaminophen were not, resulting in a crystal-like precipitate. Hot ethanol was used to extract acetaminophen from the insoluble binder, and the extraction process was repeated. Adding HCl to the aqueous base with aspirin allowed aspirin to form an H-bonding interaction, causing aspirin to reform into a solid. Figure 3 displays the different compounds and their solubility in several organic solvents. (Chloroform has similar atomicity and molecular shape as dichloromethane, with a single chlorine atom difference) This experiment aimed to separate compounds using organic solvents and the extraction technique to determine Asprin and acetaminophen percent recovery. It is hypothesized to receive a 100% recovery of all ingredients. Crystal like acetaminophen and binder
Materials Lab coats, safety goggles, and gloves were worn for safety. 1. Goody’s Powder 2. Dichloromethane 3. Ethanol 4. 3M N aOH 5. 3m HCl 6. Hot plate 7. Watch glass 8. Three beakers 9. Sepatortory 10. Funnel 11. Filter paper Figure 2 Figure 3
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12. Separatory funnel & glass stopper 13. Ring stand and iron ring 14. pH paper Experimental Procedure 1. A 1400mg sample of Goody’s Powders was weighed to start the experiment. 2. Goody’s powder sample was added to a small Erlenmeyer flask. 3. 8mL of dichloromethane was added to the flask and warmed on the hot plate at 95 degrees C. Watch glass placed on top to prevent evaporation. 4. Boiled Goody’s and dichloromethane until caffeine and aspirin dissolved and a precipitate of acetaminophen and binder was formed. 5. The remaining solution was transferred into a new beaker labeled #1 and set aside. The precipitate solid was then transferred to filter paper. 6. The precipitate was added to another beaker of 6mL of ethanol and set to a low boil. 7. After the boil, the hot solution was gravity-filtered through filter paper into a funnel and rinsed with hot ethanol. 8. The insoluble binder left was collected, cooled, and weighed. 9. The hot solution with ethanol is cooled, set aside, evaporated off ethanol, and recrystallized with H2O as acetaminophen. This sample was collected, dried, and weighed. 10. Return to beaker #1. 11. The dichloromethane solution from beaker #1 is transferred into the separatory funnel 12. Added 2mL of 3M N aOH into the separatory funnel and placed a glass stopper on top. 13. Held stopper in place, inverted the funnel and shook funnel by to mix layers. 14. Allowed solvent vapors to escape by opening and closing the stopcock. ( Done frequently) 15. Returned funnel to ring stand and placed in an iron ring. 16. Allowed solution to settle and
removed glass stopper from funnel after two layers were clearly separated. 17. Opened the stopcock and only allowed the bottom half to drain into a new beaker, labeling this as beaker 2. 18. The top layer was drained into a different beaker and labeled beaker 3. 19. Beaker #2 was placed back into the funnel for a second extraction. 20. Steps 12- 16 are repeated for the second extraction procedure with an additional 2mL of 3M N aOH. 21. Drained Diclhoridemethane into new beaker #4. 22. Drained top layer into beaker #3. 23. The organic layer in beaker #4 was dried with Sodium sulfate and filtered into a smaller beaker. 24. Allowed Dichloromethane to evaporate. 25. Collected caffeine residue. Dried and weighed caffeine. 26. Added 3M Hcl drops to beaker 3, stirred in between the drops added. Once pH was acidic, stop adding Hcl 6 (Use of pH strips to check balance). For no more than 5 minutes, the solution is heated for the solid to be dissolved. 27. The solution was cooled to room temperature and placed into an ice bath; the solid collection was Aspirin. This was then dried, collected, and weighed. Results and calculations Discussions The calculations prove the experiment to be inconsistent with the hypothesis. Almost none of the Aspirin was left, with a recovery of 2.84%, and Acetaminophen had a recovery of 200%. Caffeine 23.52% and binder 29.41%. The hypothesis was that 100% of the components would be extracted
from Goody’s powder. Out of 1400 mg of Goody’s powder, the theoretical yield of aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, and binder was 728, 364, 45.4, & 262.5, respectively. The actual yields obtained were: 20.7, 730,10.7, 77.2, and 838.6, respectively. Something went wrong Somewhere in the process; it may have been adding the wrong solvent, spilling the solution, or allowing vaporation to happen while heating or overheating. Still, the numbers are off and do not hold to the hypothesis of the extraction experiment. N ew extraction trials must be done for optimal results. Conclusion Although correct results were not achieved, extracting Goody’s powder concept was still understood and performed. Asprin is more acidic than acetaminophen and doesn't dissolve in dichloromethane but in hot ethanol. Hcl neutralizes the dichloromethane aqueous base, allowing aspirin anion to bond to an H+ and form back into solid aspirin. The extraction process is a delicate process that requires undivided attention and should proceed cautiously. Extraction can be an essential technique when it comes to the study of pharmaceuticals and the creation of new drugs, as a chemist can extract or isolate different active compounds from medicinal plants, References https://www.ausetute.com.au/aspirin.html#:~:text=Solubility,bonds with polar water molecules. h-ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513274/ https://www.rpharms.com/Portals/0/MuseumLearningResources/01 Drug Preparation and Extraction.pdf?ver=2020-02-06-154038-897#:~:text=Extraction refers to processes for,oils or juices from plants. Lab manual
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Material Safety Data Sheet Understanding hazards associated with chemicals is an integral component of safe and responsible laboratory pracJce. Please complete this sheet for each laboratory you conduct and a-ach the sheet at the end of your report. A-ach mulJple sheets if using more than six chemicals. MSDS Informa3on Special Hazard Symbols: OX – Oxidizer Chemical name ConcentraJon (if a pure solid, liquid or gas, write “pure”) Amount (mass or volume) Complete the Hazard Diamond Dichlormethane Pure liquid 8 mL HEALTH 2 FLAMIBILITY 1 REACTIVITY SPECIAL HAZARD HCl Liquid 2mL HEALTH 3 FLAMIBILITY 0 REACTIVITY 1 SPECIAL HAZARD Ethanol Liquid 6mL HEALTH 2 FLAMIBILITY 3 REACTIVITY 0 SPECIAL HAZARD NaOH Liquid 2mL HEALTH 3 FLAMIBILITY 0 REACTIVITY 0 SPECIAL HAZARD HEALTH FLAMIBILITY REACTIVITY SPECIAL HAZARD HEALTH FLAMIBILITY REACTIVITY SPECIAL HAZARD
SA – Asphyxiant W - No Water
GHS GHS is an acronym for The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals . The GHS is a system for standardizing and harmonizing the classification and labelling of chemicals. It is a logical and comprehensive approach to: Defining health, physical and environmental hazards of chemicals; Creating classification processes that use available data on chemicals for comparison with the defined hazard criteria; and Communicating hazard information, as well as protective measures, on labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). Place a tick next to any image that is relevant to your experiment. For example, if you used sodium hydroxide, you would place a tick in the box containing the corrosion image. Health Hazard Carcinogen Mutagenicity ReproducJve Toxicity Respiratory SensiJzer Target Organ Toxicity AspiraJon Toxicity Flame Flammable Pyrophorics Self-HeaJng Emits Flammable gas Self-ReacJves Organic peroxides Exclama3on Mark Irritant (skin and eye) Skin SensiJzer Acute Toxicity NarcoJc effects Respiratory Tract irritant Hazardous to Ozone Layer (Non-Mandatory) Gas Cylinder Gaseous Under pressure Corrosion Skin Corrosion/ Burns Eye Damage Corrosive to Metals Exploding Bomb Explosives Self-ReacJves Organic Peroxides Flame Over Circles Oxidizers Environment (NonMandatory) AquaJc toxicity Skull and Crossbones Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic)
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