Lab 34 - IR Analysis (1)
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Experiment 3: IR Analysis of Organic Liquids
Purpose:
In this experiment, you will:
Demonstrate the procedure for collecting an infrared spectrum
Obtain spectra of various liquid samples
Compare peak values to the table and identify the unknown compounds
Reference:
Modified by Dr. Gautreaux from – Juniata College Chemistry Department.
Background Theory:
Infrared light has a wavelength of 770nm to 1000nm, which corresponds to a
wavenumber range of 12,900 to 10 cm
-1
. Infrared light with wavenumbers from 400 to 4000 cm
-1
will be used to identify various identify various organic compounds.
When a beam of infrared radiation is passed through a substance, the radiation can be
either absorbed or transmitted, depending on its frequency and the structure of the molecules it
encounters. Energy is absorbed when its frequency matches the natural frequency of the bond
motion. The energy absorbed by the molecules may bring about increased vibration, stretching,
bending or rotating. The IR spectrophotometer measures the frequency of the energy causing the
bond motion. Each type of bond absorbs specific wavenumbers of infrared light depending on its
structure, nature of atoms bonded and effects of surrounding atoms.
In this experiment, various samples will be placed into a beam of infrared light. Some of
the light will be absorbed. The absorption of infrared light will be indicated by a valley (called a
peak) in a graph called a
spectrum
. You will compare the wavenumbers of the peaks to the table
of known values to determine the identity of the unknown samples.
Liquid samples
can be prepared for IR analysis by simply placing an undiluted sample
on the IR Spectrophotometer.
Before running the sample, a
background
should be collected.
This will make the computer subtract any peaks from the surrounding atmosphere when you
collect the data for your sample.
Chemical Hazards:
Name
Formula/Structure
Hazards
PPE
CHEM 3320 – IR ORGANIC LIQUIDS
1
Procedure:
Part I: Collecting the Background Spectrum
1.
Make sure there is nothing on the surface of the IR.
Clean with a few drops of acetone
and a KimWipe.
2.
Click on “Collect
Background”. (Instructor will assist)
3.
Wait for the scanning to complete. A background spectrum should appear. It will be
automatically saved and used to set a ratio for your sample(s).
Part II: Collecting a Liquid Sample Spectrum
4.
Use a disposable pipette to place
2 or 3 drops
of the your assigned unknown onto the
crystal of the IR spectrometer.
5.
Click on “Collect
Sample”.
a.
Enter the name of your sample (include group name or initials) for example:
Mark, Jane, Chris : L1 or MJC: L1
b.
Click enter.
6.
When the scanning is done, the spectrum should appear on the screen. Move on to
Part
III: Processing and Printing an IR Spectrum
for the next part of the process.
Part III: Processing and Printing an IR Spectrum
1.
When the data collection is complete, the spectrum should appear on the screen.
2.
If the peaks appear too small, add more sample. Collect data again.
3.
If the peaks appear too large, wipe off some with a Kimwipe. Collect again.
4.
Print the Spectrum.
5.
Move on to
Part IV: Cleaning Up
.
Part IV: Cleaning Up
USE ACETONE ONLY
1.
Wipe the crystal with a Kimwipe.
2.
Wash both the surface of the instrument and the top with acetone – dry with Kimwipe.
3.
If you are going to do another sample, repeat the steps starting with Part II.
If you’re
done, follow the directions below.
Analyzing the IR Spectra
1.
List the wavenumbers of the major peaks from the spectrum in your data table.
2.
Identify the functional groups (as many as possible) represented by the peaks using the
Peak Table below.
3.
Identify each unknown by comparing the functional groups found with the possible
samples shown below.
4.
Give a brief explanation of why you picked that molecule as the identity of the sample.
5.
Answer the questions.
CHEM 3320 – IR ORGANIC LIQUIDS
2
Peak Table
:
Sample wavenumbers of infrared light absorbed by the bonds in organic compounds.
Functional Group
Structure
Bond
Wavenumber (cm
-1
)
Alkanes
CH
3
-CH
2(n)
-CH
3
(single bonds)
C-H stretch
2950 – 2850 (m or s)
Alkenes
CH
2
=CH
2
(double bonds)
C-H stretch
C=C stretch
3100 – 3010 (m)
1680 – 1620 (vs)
Aromatic Rings
C-H stretch
C-H bending
C=C bending
~ 3030 (vs)
860 – 680 (s)
1700 – 1500 (m,m)
Alcohol/Phenol
R-OH
O-H stretch
3550 - 3200 (broad, s)
Carboxylic Acid
(organic acid)
O
OH
R
O-H stretch
C=O stretch
3000 – 2500 (broad, vs)
1780 – 1710 (s)
Aldehyde
R
H
O
C=O stretch
1740 – 1690 (s)
Ketone
R
R
O
C=O stretch
1750 – 1680 (s)
Ester
R
1
O
O
R
C=O stretch
C-O stretch
1750 – 1735 (s)
1300 – 1000 (s)
Possible structures for Liquid Unknowns
C
H
3
CH
3
hexane
OH
C
H
3
CH
3
isopropyl alcohol
O
C
H
3
CH
3
methyl ethyl ketone
CH
3
toluene
CH
3
O
C
H
3
O
ethyl acetate
CHEM 3320 – IR ORGANIC LIQUIDS
3
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Related Questions
Spectroscopic Analysis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfMPyZiDsf4&list=PLE-217H0ao60Uzpzj-FNP_0ScVp5SZB7j&index=2
watch the following question and read the article to answer the questions
Spectroscopic Analysis-1
a.Which of the following statements regarding IR spectroscopy is wrong?
Infrared radiation is higher in energy than UV radiation.
Infrared spectra record the transmission of IR radiation.
Molecular vibrations are due to periodic motions of atoms in molecules, and include bond stretching, torsional changes, and bond angle changes.
Infrared spectra give information about bonding features and functional groups in molecules.
b.Which is the correct order of decreasing wave number of the stretching vibrations of (1) C-H (alkane), (2) C-H (alkene), (3) C-H (alkyne), and (4) C=O?
(1) > (2) >(3) >(4)
(4) < (3) < (2) < (1)
(3) < (4) ≈ (2) < (1)
(1) < (4)…
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3. In any UV-VIS spectrophotometer, the light is filtered first to a single wavelength or narrow range before it hits the sample
4. In any UV-VIS spectrophotometer setup, the detector always comes right after the sample container.
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Absorption Spectroscopy
** SUBMIT YOUR STANDARD CURVE WITH THIS REPORT SHEET
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
Sample 5
Unknown
final buret reading
(mL)
26.33
30.29
33.21
35.10
36.22
46.69
initial buret reading
(mL)
21.74
26.33
30.29
33.21
35.10
45.70
volume dispensed
(mL)
final buret reading
(mL)
7.60
9.41
12.45
16.39
25.10
initial buret reading
(mL)
6.55
7.60
9.41
12.45
16.39
volume dispensed
(mL)
[dye] (M)
0.000048
Abs (blue light)
0.235
0.193
0.151
0.092
0.0638
0.148
CALCULATIONS
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axis) versus absorbance at 2max (x-axis). Add a linear trendline based on your data. Also show the
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1.
water
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B) 3050 cm-1
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E) 1750 cm-1
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Feedback:
Your submission:
B)
I: 60.9 ppm
You have incorrectly identified which atoms are responsible
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predict chemical shifts.
II: 25.1 ppm
I: .2 рpm
IV: 11.6 ppm
Question 13 of 18
Match the peaks in this spectrum with the carbons on the structure below.
A)
I: 25.1 ppm
II: 60.9 ppm
II: 33.2 ppm
IV: 11.6 ppm
B)
I: 60.9 ppm
II: 25.1 ppm
II: 33.2 ppm
IV: 11.6 ppm
C)
CI
I: 25.1 ppm
II: 60.9 ppm
I | |I IV
III: 11.6 ppm
IV: 33.2 ppm
D)
I:
11.6 ppm
II: 60.9 ppm
III: 25.1 ppm
IV: 33.2 ppm
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D) 2250 cm-1
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Spectrum B
04
02
3000
2000
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2000
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NH₂
% Transmittance
% Transmittance
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
II
OH
4500 4250 4000 3750 3500 3250
III
IV
3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
FTIR
NEAT
250
4500 4250 4000 3750 3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
V
OH
VI
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app.101edu.co
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4000
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show your reasoning.
Wavelengh um
5.5
25 26 27 28 29 3
3.5
10
11
12
13
14
IS 16
a.
4000
3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
S00
600
Wavenumber (cm
100
43
58
50
29
100
71
85
20
40
60
80
100
120
mlz
z
02011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relative abundance
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- make a table for each of the spectra, please include: the experimental wavelength, literature wavelength, peaks characteristics, assignment) PLEASE INCLUDE LITERATURE WAVELENGTHarrow_forwardCompare the literature IR spectrum to the experimental IR spectrum in a few sentences to show that the two spectra have the same peaks at the same wavenumbers with the same shapes.arrow_forwardmake a table for each of the spectra, please include: the experimental wavelength, literature wavelength, peaks characteristics, assignment) PLEASE INCLUDE LITERATURE WAVELENGTHarrow_forward
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