Soluble and Insoluble Salts_072522

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Chemistry

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Apr 3, 2024

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Soluble and Insoluble Salts Goals: Predict formation of an insoluble salt. Observe the effect of temperature on solubility Measure the solubility of KNO 3 at various temperatures, and graph the solubility curve. Discussion: a. Soluble and insoluble salts While some ionic compounds are water soluble, there are also some that are not. Factors affecting solubility include competition between attractive forces of cations with anions, and the attractive forces between ions and the dipole of water. Empirical rules for solubility are shown below. Solubility Rules for Ionic Solids in Water An ionic compound is: Soluble - if it contains: Insoluble – if it contains: Li + , Na + , K + , NH 4 + None NO 3 - , C 2 H 3 O 2 - None Cl - , Br - , I - Ag + , Pb 2+ , Hg 2 2+ SO 4 2- Ba 2+ , Pb 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ CO 3 2- , S 2- , PO 4 3- , OH - * * Ca(OH) 2 & Ba(OH) 2 are slightly soluble When solutions of two ionic compounds are mixed, the formation of solid indicate a reaction as seen in this double-replacement reaction: Ag NO 3( aq ) + Na Cl ( aq ) → AgCl ( s ) + NaNO 3( aq ) Ag + NO 3 - Na + Cl - b. Solubility of KNO 3 Solutions are saturated when they hold the maximum amount of solute at certain temperature. When more solute is added the excess appears as solid. Solubility is usually stated as the grams of solute per 100 grams of water in aqueous solutions. Solubility depends upon the temperature and the nature of the solute, with solubility generally increasing with temperature. Experimental Procedure: a. Soluble and insoluble salts Using a spot plate mix 2-3 drops of the following ionic compounds, two compounds at a time. Record formation of any solid (precipitate, ppt). 0.1 M solutions of NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 , Ba(NO 3 ) 2 , AgNO 3 , Na 3 PO 4 , CaCl 2 , NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 . 1
spot plate b. Solubility of KNO 3 Each group of students will be assigned from 2-7 grams of KNO 3 . Place the KNO 3 to a large test tube. Add 5.0 mL of DI water to the test tube. Heat the test tube in a water bath while stirring until all the KNO 3 dissolves. Remove the test tube from the hot water bath. Gently stirring the solution with a thermometer record the temperature when KNO 3 crystals form. Return the test tube to the water bath and repeat the cycle to get 3 consistent temperature readings. When finished, share your data with the class and graph the class data. Calculations: g KNO 3 g KNO 3 x 20 = = solubility of KNO 3 5.0 mL water 100 mL water Prelab Questions: 1. Using the table of solubility rules above circle the following ionic compounds that you expect to be in soluble: CaCl 2 BaSO 4 NaBr (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3 2. If all reactions for Part a. are done on the spot plate, what potential error could occur if one or more of the wells in the spot plate was overfilled? 3. What might be the risk of measuring the temperature at which the KNO 3 solution becomes saturated only once? 2
Report Sheet: Name: Date: a) soluble and insoluble salts Compounds in solution Formula of ions Observations Insoluble Salt AgNO 3 + NaCl Ag + NO 3 - Na + Cl - white ppt AgNO 3 + Na 2 SO 4 Ba(NO 3 ) 2 + Na 2 SO 4 CaCl 2 + Na 2 SO 4 AgNO 3 + Na 3 PO 4 CaCl 2 + NaOH CaCl 2 + Na 2 CO 3 b) solubility of KNO 3 Target Mass of KNO 3 (g) Actual Mass of KNO 3 (g) Average Temperature ( o C) crystals appear Solubility (g KNO 3 /100 mL H 2 O) 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Graphing solubility of KNO 3 vs. temperature. Plot ALL points and circle yours. 3
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Solubility 200 (g KNO 3 /100 mL H 2 O) 150 100 50 0 0 25 50 75 100 Temperature ( o C) Alternative: plot data in Excel or other acceptable graphing program. Attach graph to report. Post-lab Questions: 1. Estimate the solubility of KNO 3 at 100 o C. Show/explain your reasoning. 2. Circle the insoluble salt in each pair. Write the name of each compound under the formula a) (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 or CaF 2 d) K 2 SO 4 or PbSO 4 b) NaCl or CaCO 3 e) CaCO 3 or Pb(NO 3 ) 2 c) AgCl or Ca(OH) 2 f) Hg 2 S or LiC 2 H 3 O 2 3. The solubility of NaCl in water is 35.7 g/100 mL at 25 o C. If 100. g of NaCl is added to 200 mL of water at 25 o C, how much NaCl will remain undissolved ? 4. The solubility of most solid solutes in liquid solvents increases with increasing temperature. Based on your understanding of gases, explain why the solubility of all gases decrease with increasing temperature. Hint : Consider kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular forces. 4