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Morgan Watts Dr. Colleen Haas Afri 312 January 1, 2024 1.Explain or define the following terms or concepts as they relate to how Manning is using them. Please be thoughtful about your definitions. (you should use the textbook index, Ch. 1, and only if needed other on-line sources for your answers) and ( see textbook pp. 3-4) Diaspora: Is an ancient term that is used typically used to reference the dispersion of Jewish people around the world Sub-saharan Africa (see map on p. 4)-: Manning associates sub-Sharan Africa, the homeland from which black peoples have voyaged in freedom and slavery, or “homeland.” Old World and New World diasporas: When speaking of the “Old world” it is associated with specified regions. 6,8 (the new Atlantic world?) center page, 18,19 Hegemony/hegemonic: Hegemony is the dominance of one group over another, that is often conducted through force. Hegemonic practices, I believe is what we read about on page 5, that through the dominant cultures made up of salve masters, imperial conquerors, colonial or national societies were they able to impose their wills on black people. Hegemonic is also a 23 Pluralism / pluralistic societies: Pluralism speaks to the members of diverse ethnic, religions, and racial groups and the requirement of their antonymous participation. Pluralistic societies based on the description of Manning means the acknowledgment of different Emancipation: Manning explains Emancipation as a struggle. Emancipation was a fight for freedom for those in slavery. Through this fight came a powerful rhetoric and soulful music to sustain their campaign. In the midst of this fight, there was much constraint on black Americans legal right to property and social equality. Post-emancipation: I believe expresses the presence of the fight in particular areas such as education, earning power, and political representation. Mulatto: A term that is offensive to explain that an individual is mixed race between black and white
Mestizo: term that is offensive to explain that an individual is mixed race in Latin America elite versus popular sectors (commoners) of society: Referenced the difference between elite and popular cultures. These distinguished who was able to perform for kings and generals in comparison to those who performed for village communities. 2. Patrick Manning has two points he focuses on in formulating his analytical framework and approach to his book. On page 4 of his book, Manning mentions his proposal of the framework he uses for studying the world of black people, which he calls the Africa-diaspora studies. Through his studies he begins by working through the connections among various regions of the black world then emphasizes social dynamics within these connections. a. Why should we keep Africa in mind when we study the diaspora? According to Manning, the lack of education in Africa-diaspora studies means that history education is lacking without it. “Something is gained in this history by giving attention at once to the African continent and to all the regions of black settlement outside the continent,” (Manning 4). He also emphasizes the relevancy of the continent as it has been associated not only as an ancestral homeland, also through the development of various regions and global processes at every stage. b. Why is this notion of connections important to him? Manning believes that the connectedness that is present in black communities should be considered a major force in history. He further proves this by emphasizing the presence and influence of black communities in Brazil, Britain, and India. “The African heritage shows itself not only able to retain old traditions but also to innovate and incorporate…despite the mass relocating
c. And, what myths or false notions do you think he is trying to dispel or correct? The idea that the only history that Africans have is slavery. There is an ignorance to the culture, family makeup, ways if living that was present and at some point it got lost. 3.What are the four dynamic dimensions of interaction or connectivity throughout the history of the African diaspora that he considers interesting and significant? (see his section headings pages 5-6). The first dimension is the ‘Interactions within the world of Black people.’ Manning acknowledges that it is true that the dimension of analysis addresses the migration from Africa, the survival and development that exists in African culture within the diaspora and in the sharing of political and cultural traditions among black people the interactions stretch far deeper than this. On a broader scale, the study is more so of the interplay among Africa, the. Atlantic Diaspora, and the old world Diaspora. The second dimension are the ‘Relations of Black people with Hemogenic Powers.’ This was seen in the enforcing of wills on black people, which was done by slave masters, imperial conquerors, etc. This aspect speaks to how the colonial powers overall led to immense pressure felt by the African colonies in the 19 th century. There was a shift in the culture and way of living that was transformed by this dominant influence. Then, there is the ‘Relations of Blacks with other Nonhegemonic Racial Groups.’ This point mentions older history and what interactions between blacks and other races were like prior to colonization. What is interesting is that Manning mentions historically how white communities and black people would interact and there was no group that was “higher class.” The last dimension is the ‘Mixing—Biological and Cultural—Of Blacks with Other populations in Every Region of Africa and the Diaspora’ acknowledges a mix of races within population and culture which can be considered as part of the African tradition. 4. On pages 11-16 in the textbook Patrick Manning covers the topic of racial categorization and how various identity markers and labels develop, and how they are often used. Observe the many historical changes and distinctions in how they are often applied. Then, make a note of two points he makes that interests you. Summarize each point in your own words, and include the page number where he makes his point, and include your response or reaction to that point. You should have two entries for this question. What interested me was the point Manning made of biological racism. When you take a step back the cultural separation was truly based upon scientific process of genes and reproductions
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which is out of anyone’s control. Racial theorists believed that the exterior aspects of race pointed to much deeper differences among whites or blacks among the population. It’s interesting to try to imagine a world without race influencing anything as it meant everything by the 18 th century. Biological differences became the source of justification of racism. “Racial discrimination, somewhat remarkably accelerated with the steady emancipation of black slaves and reached its peak in the early 20 th century.” While I don’t agree that racism was for the better, I do believe that the hyperfocus and posture of the public toward race did lead to somewhat of a release from this way of living. Secondly, what stood out to me is the reality that family and the economy is so tightly knitted together. However, there have been great changes that have been observed in the African family dynamic that interested me deeply. After the mass movement of Africans from their homelands, families experienced an immense amount of pressure. The pressure stemmed from grief over family loss and the disadvantage that households were in. The structure because of the diaspora had changed one of the systems that made up family life. The African marriage system was lost, the family structure was built upon the community they ended up with and not the family they started with.

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