AE2 PART 2

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Apr 3, 2024

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Question 5. What is the “infant industry” argument in international trade? What are its implications for the world economy? What are the criticisms of this argument? The “infant industry” argument refers to the temporary protection of new, emerging industries that are early in its stages of development. These industries have yet to form enough resources and experience to compete with older and more advanced competitors. Through help from the government with things like tariffs and subsidies, companies are given the chance to grow until they are able to compete with other industries independently. Alexander Hamilton developed the idea to protect these “infant industries”, arguing that it is nearly impossible for these industries to successfully emerge without the necessary resources in order to reach a greater “economic scale”. The idea of the argument is to create more competition and opportunities in certain industries and promote more production of goods. Benefits of this argument includes attracting foreign trade while developing a domestic market. This also creates domestic employment and domestic production of goods. These are extremely helpful for developing countries that need some leverage to be on par with strong competitors. In order to help out these developing countries and enter bigger markets with large competitors. South Korea for example, was a developing nation that was able to grow with the emergence of new industries and an increase in export learning (Lee 1997). It is shown that the increase of infant industries was driven to compete in industries rather than solely rely on the protection. The infant industry argument allowed for South Korea to emerge into the international market and compete in the world economy. This allows for more trade and innovation, while also promoting more economic growth domestically and internationally. There are many criticisms of the argument as well, including its inefficiency and too much reliance on the protection given by the government. The reason it is seen as “inefficient” is because there is no set limit for how long protection is needed and it is difficult to know which
industries to protect. Critics claim this takes away from more important issues and companies that would be more worth it ( Panagariya 2011). It also may be difficult to remove these protections later or for the company to continue to grow without aid. Brazil was able to build a large auto industry in the mid to late 1900s with help with tariffs and quotas. Once these protections were removed, the industry was seen as extremely inefficient due to an increase in foreign imports. Brazil’s auto industry is an example of a failed “infant industry”, having over 30 years of protection and still becoming an ineffective market. While the infant industry argument is useful for helping industries grow in order to compete with larger markets and promote economic growth, some see it as an inefficient way to help companies emerge into the world’s economy. 455 words Question 8. Compare and contrast the different in hard vs. soft power in International Business as defined by Joseph Nye at Harvard, as well as citing some examples. Elaborate on whether soft power aids or hinders the economic development of a country. Conclude your answer by addressing the notion “Can you be ‘super rich’ or ‘super poor’ as a developing nation at the same time. Joseph Nye argues that the three ways to obtain power is by coercion, payment, and attraction. He states that with this, hard and soft power are different ways that countries can use their influence. Hard power is seen as using “coercion and payment” while soft power relies on what is “attractive”. Nye claims that to maximize influence, both methods must be used strategically together, and neither can completely replace the other. A common way to use hard power for the purpose of coercion is military force. The use of military force is an easy way to coerce people into doing something through threats and fear. A recent example is Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a great nation using hard power to try and achieve what they desire. The economy is another way to use hard power for coercion. For
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