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Question 5. What is the “infant industry” argument in international trade? What are its implications for the world economy? What are the criticisms of this argument?
The “infant industry” argument refers to the temporary protection of new, emerging industries that are early in its stages of development. These industries have yet to form enough resources and experience to compete with older and more advanced competitors. Through help from the government with things like tariffs and subsidies, companies are given the chance to grow until they are able to compete with other industries independently. Alexander Hamilton developed the idea to protect these “infant industries”, arguing that it is nearly impossible for these industries to successfully emerge without the necessary resources
in order to reach a greater “economic scale”. The idea of the argument is to create more competition and opportunities in certain industries and promote more production of goods. Benefits of this argument includes attracting foreign trade while developing a domestic market. This also creates domestic employment and domestic production of goods. These are extremely helpful for developing countries that need some leverage to be on par with strong competitors. In
order to help out these developing countries and enter bigger markets with large competitors. South Korea for example, was a developing nation that was able to grow with the emergence of new industries and an increase in export learning (Lee 1997). It is shown that the increase of infant industries was driven to compete in industries rather than solely rely on the protection. The
infant industry argument allowed for South Korea to emerge into the international market and compete in the world economy. This allows for more trade and innovation, while also promoting more economic growth domestically and internationally. There are many criticisms of the argument as well, including its inefficiency and too much reliance on the protection given by the government. The reason it is seen as “inefficient” is
because there is no set limit for how long protection is needed and it is difficult to know which
industries to protect. Critics claim this takes away from more important issues and companies that would be more worth it (
Panagariya 2011).
It also may be difficult to remove these protections later or for the company to continue to grow without aid. Brazil was able to build a large auto industry in the mid to late 1900s with help with tariffs and quotas. Once these protections were removed, the industry was seen as extremely inefficient due to an increase in foreign imports. Brazil’s auto industry is an example of a failed “infant industry”, having over 30
years of protection and still becoming an ineffective market. While the infant industry argument is useful for helping industries grow in order to compete with larger markets and promote economic growth, some see it as an inefficient way to help companies emerge into the world’s economy. 455 words Question 8. Compare and contrast the different in hard vs. soft power in International Business as defined by Joseph Nye at Harvard, as well as citing some examples. Elaborate on whether soft
power aids or hinders the economic development of a country. Conclude your answer by addressing the notion “Can you be ‘super rich’ or ‘super poor’ as a developing nation at the same
time. Joseph Nye argues that the three ways to obtain power is by coercion, payment, and attraction. He states that with this, hard and soft power are different ways that countries can use their influence. Hard power is seen as using “coercion and payment” while soft power relies on what is “attractive”. Nye claims that to maximize influence, both methods must be used strategically together, and neither can completely replace the other.
A common way to use hard power for the purpose of coercion is military force. The use of military force is an easy way to coerce people into doing something through threats and fear. A recent example is Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a great nation using hard power to try and achieve what they desire. The economy is another way to use hard power for coercion. For
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Related Questions
What are the positive effects of international trade?
Select one:
a.stimulates and facilitates the full use of national capital;
b.ensure the full use of the resources available in each country, contributing to market growth;
c.it is a tool sometimes used to transfer new ideas and technologies;
d.does not contribute to the fight against monopolistic tendencies;
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Suppose that Bangladesh, a relatively poor, agricultural nation with a low level of technological development, has been able to improve its technology since it joined a free-trade agreement. Which of the following benefits of international trade describes this free-trade benefit that Bangladesh enjoys?
a. Increased competition
b.Increased variety of goods
c.Lower unit costs through economies of scale
d. Enhanced flow of ideas
Bangladesh has been able to improve its technology through imports due to its adherence to a multilateral approach to trade restrictions that has dramatically reduced average tariffs among member nations and is known as the ______________.
a. North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
b. General Agreement on Tarrif and Trade (GATT)
c. World Trade Organization (WTO)
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How does international trade affect the economic well-being of the Philippines? Explain who gains and who loses. Give specific examples.
arrow_forward
Q78
The main objective of protectionist trade policies is typically to...
a.
Maximise world production.
b.
Shield local producers from foreign competition.
c.
Create a level playing field.
d.
Raise government revenues through tariffs.
e.
Raise average real wages in the economy.
arrow_forward
Which of the following is not an advantage of trade liberalization?
Select one:
a. An access to a larger market
b. Reduction in the cost of transportation
c. Increased export credit facilities
d. Improvements in communication systems
e. An increase in competition
arrow_forward
What is a benefit of reducing barriers to international trade?
Group of answer choices
The specialization it promotes leads to greater worker productivity
It supports domestic production
It creates an obstacle to economies of scale, increasing profit
Increasing tariffs yields greater domestic profits.
arrow_forward
International trade has been a great boon for many countries and, in general, has been more beneficial for the world than not. However, there are both costs and benefits associated with international trade. Present and discuss two advantages of international trade and two disadvantages of international trade.
arrow_forward
Please as soon as possible.thank you
Explain the role that quotas and tariffs play with international trade. Give a specific well explained example for each concept.
arrow_forward
Discuss four (4) ways in which your government could use trade barriers to protect its market from foreign competition. Include in your discussion who can be affected by these trade barriers and what course of action can be taken by affected parties in seeking remedial action against the measures instituted by your government.
arrow_forward
What is an argument expressed to counter infant industry rationale for protectionism?
Group of answer choices
The protectionism intended to be short-term often extends further than planned.
Trying to create a comparative advantage is typically less successful than investing in industries that already have a comparative advantage.
The industry typically fails to be worth investing in, and thousands of jobs are lost.
Government intervention in international trade is rarely successful.
arrow_forward
Question 11
Use the AS/AD framework to show what happens to GDP and the price level in the short and long run
following a permanent increase in government spending, when the country starts at potential GDP.What
is likely to hannen to consumption, inyestment and net exports during the adjustment to the long run?
arrow_forward
In intentional trade negotiations, it is very common for a country's trade representative to threaten to enact protectionist policy that include: tariffs, quotas, quota-tariff, national security restrictions, and domestic content requirements. Define what each of these protection policies. Explain why quotas are usually the least creditable threat. If the trade represents a small importing country, would it make economic sense to threaten tariffs? Why or Why not?
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Critically discuss the economic rationales for Governments to intervene in international trade which would affect their country. You must provide examples to justify your points for each question
Explain the concept of a trade embargo and its effect on the country where the embargo has been placed.You must provide examples to justify your points for each question
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Demonstrate competence in words the theory & evolution of international trade with emphasis on comparative advantage.
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Discuss the strategies of the United States and Europe in dealing with trade over the last several decades. Imagine you were in another region of the world. Which strategy do you think you would recommend they adopt and why? Are there certain conditions that would facilitate one strategy and others that would suggest another?
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Define protectionism and explain non-tariff barriers to trade. Who are the major beneficiaries and losers from protectionism in an economy engaging in protectionism?
arrow_forward
Policymakers and economists have been trying to come up with the best policy mix to improve economic conditions in the United States following the large-scale recession. In class we've discussed the costs and benefits of international trade and concluded that in the long run, all who participate in free trade achieve gains. However, the short run costs are too large to ignore. Many policymakers have pushed for a more protectionist stance to help U.S. industries recover. Consider the following proposal:
The U.S. will no longer import goods or services from other countries. It will instead focus on exports that employ American workers in domestic manufacturing plants. All products sold in the U.S. will bear the stamp “Made in the USA” on their label.
Assess the pros and cons of this policy mix for the United States. Make sure to comment on the effect on GDP, inflation, and unemployment if the U.S. were to cut off international trade. Is this the best solution to get the U.S economy back…
arrow_forward
Policymakers and economists have been trying to come up with the best policy mix to improve economic conditions in the United States following the large-scale recession. In class we've discussed the costs and benefits of international trade and concluded that in the long run, all who participate in free trade achieve gains. However, the short run costs are too large to ignore. Many policymakers have pushed for a more protectionist stance to help U.S. industries recover. Consider the following proposal:
The U.S. will no longer import goods or services from other countries. It will instead focus on exports that employ American workers in domestic manufacturing plants. All products sold in the U.S. will bear the stamp “Made in the USA” on their label.
Discuss the different types of protectionist measures (tariffs, quotas, or ending trade) and their potential impacts on the United States’ reputation with the rest of the world. Is there a likelihood of a trade war? Did the Smoot-Hawley…
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Describe benefits from international trade.
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Which of the following describe technical
barrier to trade? Select all that apply.
Government controls imposed on the flow of
capital into or out of the country
☐ Two prospective trading partners being very
distant from one another
O Trading partners struggling to made trade deals
because of the inability to communicate
seamlessly and effectively
☐ Imposition by a country of a numerical limit on
how much sugar can be imported under a low
tariff
☐ Agricultural subsidies provided by the U.S.
government to corn farmers
Two countries agreeing to eliminate all tariffs on
goods traded between them
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Critically discuss four (4) ways in which your government could use trade barriers to protect its market from foreign competition. Include in your discussion who can be affected by these trade barriers and what course of action can be taken by affected parties in seeking remedial action against the measures instituted by your government.
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True/False
International trade commonly leads to a availability of better goods and services in a nation
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Give example of a trade policy in developed country or region, and explain how does this policy affect the less developed country(is) growth and development as well as their opportunity and ability to benefit from the international trade!
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Analyze current economic situations with particular emphasis on tariffs, and how these affect the market in both the exporting and importing countries.
Compare and contrast non-tariff impediments to international trade, and analyze their impact on the economy.
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Explain the impact of intra and inter-industry trade on a country;
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Trade, tariffs, and protectionism
Assess the infant industry argument for trade protection.
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Which of the following has not been a facilitating factor in world trade?
general declines in tariffs
import quotas
dramatic improvements in communications technology
O improvements in transportation technology.
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages in participating in international trade
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The theories of absolute and comparative advantage have been offered as economic rationale for trade between and among regions and countries. Compare and contrast the two concepts. Which of the two do you think is more important for explaining the growth in global trade during the last 25 years? Why?
arrow_forward
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- What are the positive effects of international trade? Select one: a.stimulates and facilitates the full use of national capital; b.ensure the full use of the resources available in each country, contributing to market growth; c.it is a tool sometimes used to transfer new ideas and technologies; d.does not contribute to the fight against monopolistic tendencies;arrow_forwardSuppose that Bangladesh, a relatively poor, agricultural nation with a low level of technological development, has been able to improve its technology since it joined a free-trade agreement. Which of the following benefits of international trade describes this free-trade benefit that Bangladesh enjoys? a. Increased competition b.Increased variety of goods c.Lower unit costs through economies of scale d. Enhanced flow of ideas Bangladesh has been able to improve its technology through imports due to its adherence to a multilateral approach to trade restrictions that has dramatically reduced average tariffs among member nations and is known as the ______________. a. North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) b. General Agreement on Tarrif and Trade (GATT) c. World Trade Organization (WTO)arrow_forwardHow does international trade affect the economic well-being of the Philippines? Explain who gains and who loses. Give specific examples.arrow_forward
- Q78 The main objective of protectionist trade policies is typically to... a. Maximise world production. b. Shield local producers from foreign competition. c. Create a level playing field. d. Raise government revenues through tariffs. e. Raise average real wages in the economy.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not an advantage of trade liberalization? Select one: a. An access to a larger market b. Reduction in the cost of transportation c. Increased export credit facilities d. Improvements in communication systems e. An increase in competitionarrow_forwardWhat is a benefit of reducing barriers to international trade? Group of answer choices The specialization it promotes leads to greater worker productivity It supports domestic production It creates an obstacle to economies of scale, increasing profit Increasing tariffs yields greater domestic profits.arrow_forward
- International trade has been a great boon for many countries and, in general, has been more beneficial for the world than not. However, there are both costs and benefits associated with international trade. Present and discuss two advantages of international trade and two disadvantages of international trade.arrow_forwardPlease as soon as possible.thank you Explain the role that quotas and tariffs play with international trade. Give a specific well explained example for each concept.arrow_forwardDiscuss four (4) ways in which your government could use trade barriers to protect its market from foreign competition. Include in your discussion who can be affected by these trade barriers and what course of action can be taken by affected parties in seeking remedial action against the measures instituted by your government.arrow_forward
- What is an argument expressed to counter infant industry rationale for protectionism? Group of answer choices The protectionism intended to be short-term often extends further than planned. Trying to create a comparative advantage is typically less successful than investing in industries that already have a comparative advantage. The industry typically fails to be worth investing in, and thousands of jobs are lost. Government intervention in international trade is rarely successful.arrow_forwardQuestion 11 Use the AS/AD framework to show what happens to GDP and the price level in the short and long run following a permanent increase in government spending, when the country starts at potential GDP.What is likely to hannen to consumption, inyestment and net exports during the adjustment to the long run?arrow_forwardIn intentional trade negotiations, it is very common for a country's trade representative to threaten to enact protectionist policy that include: tariffs, quotas, quota-tariff, national security restrictions, and domestic content requirements. Define what each of these protection policies. Explain why quotas are usually the least creditable threat. If the trade represents a small importing country, would it make economic sense to threaten tariffs? Why or Why not?arrow_forward
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