23c Lab 7 report rubrics.docx

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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps Rubrics for Lab 7 report Total, 199 points = 4.5% of 100% for the entire course ***got a new computer over the weekend and all of my files from my prelab were deleted (as they were saved on my old computer) so if the numbers on the tables do not match the numbers from the prelab screenshots, that is why*** ***also we accidentally used the 10kohm potentiometer so our data is skewed. I changed the calculated gains in this report to account for that*** At the beginning of each Part, include the circuit diagrams and sketches, which are provided in this file. In the report, include the Images, which you exported. Pre-Lab, total = 91 points Voltage follower (Lab 7 manual page 5) Image 7-1: the Voltage follower’s input and output sine waves, with their ratio and results of measurements; the output voltage is NOT distorted (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 1 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 6) Image 7-2: the Voltage follower’s input and output sine waves, with their ratio and XY plot; the output voltage is GROSSLY distorted (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 7) Image 7-3: the Voltage follower’s input and output sine waves, with their ratio and results of measurements; the output voltage is GROSSLY distorted (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 7) Fill Table 7.1 (4 points) Table 7.1 Clipping of the buffer’s output waveform + ? cc ? 1 ?𝑎𝑥𝑖??? ? 2 ?𝑎𝑥𝑖??? ∆1 ? cc ? 1 ?𝑖?𝑖??? ? 2 ?𝑖?𝑖??? ∆2 4.5 3.8636 3.8636 0.6 -4.5 -4.03725 -2.59867 1.9 (Lab 7 manual page 8) Image 7-4: the magnitude of Voltage follower’s transfer function; the cursors are at a low frequency and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 2 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (2 points) Explain how the XY plots reveal clipping of the output voltages. - Clipping occurs when the output voltage exceeds the range of the amplifier. In the XY plot, we can see a period of time when the plot is horizontal. This does not occur when there is no clipping, so therefore we know that there is clipping in Image 7-2 (5 points) Write a brief summary of what you learned about the voltage follower; what was expected and what surprised you. - This lab has helped me visualize clipping by being able to incrementally change the amplitude in the wavegen settings. It was cool to be able to mess around with different variables and see the output we get change. © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 3 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps Non-inverting Amplifier with fixed gain (Lab 7 manual page 11) Image 7-5: the input and output sine waves of the Non-inverting amplifier, with XY plot (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 11) Image 7-6: the input and output sine waves of the Non-inverting amplifier, with the results of automatic measurements (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 4 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 12) Image 7-7: the input sine wave and clipped output wave of the Non-inverting amplifier, with XY plot (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 12) Image 7-8: the input sine wave and clipped output wave of the Non-inverting amplifier, with the results of automatic measurements (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 5 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 12) Fill Table 7.2 (4 points) Table 7.2 Clipping of the non-inverting amplifier’s output waveform + ? cc ? 1 ?𝑎𝑥𝑖??? ? 2 ?𝑎𝑥𝑖??? ∆1 ? cc ? 1 ?𝑖?𝑖??? ? 2 ?𝑖?𝑖??? ∆2 4.5 2.0146 3.3130 1.18 -4.5 -2.02364 -2.81817 1.6818 (Lab 7 manual page 16) Image 7-9: the magnitude of Non-inverting amplifier’s transfer function; the cursors are at a low frequency and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) Analyze your data on the Non-inverting amplifier: (3 points) 1. Calculate the gain as the ratio: from its value in dB at 2 kHz; compare with ?𝑎𝑖? = ? ??? ? 𝐼? the gain found in Images 7-5, 7-6 . (2 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 6 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps gain in 7.9 = 10^(11.41/20) = 3.71 gain in 7.6 = C2/C1 = 3.69 These 2 values are only off by 0.02 2. Verify whether the simple theory (see lab manual page 13) is valid for this Op Amp chip: use the cutoff frequencies from your Images 7-4 (gain = 1) and 7-9 . (2 points) Yes the theory is valid. According to simple theory the product of gain and bandwidth is nearly constant for an op amp chip. Gain = 3.71, bandwidth = 144.23 Hz. This value is in fact constant for my op amp chip. 3. Explain whether your calculated margins and are the same as you found from your ∆1 ∆2 work with the buffer ( Images 7-3, 7-4 ). (3 points) My values differ by approximately 5.67%, making them fairly accurate 4. Compare the Bandwidths, which you measured in the buffer circuit ( Image 7-4 ) and in the Non-Inverting amplifier ( Image 7-9 ). Comment on their agreement or disagreement. The bandwidth in 7.4 is 1.0426 MHz, and my bandwidth in 7.9 is 144 Hz, these two values greatly differ. Inverting Amplifier with fixed gain (Lab 7 manual page 16) Image 7-10: the input and output sine waves of the Inverting amplifier, with XY plot (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 7 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 16) Image 7-11: the input and output sine waves of the Inverting amplifier, with their ratio and the results of automatic measurements (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 17) Image 7-12: the input sine wave and clipped output wave of the Inverting amplifier, with XY plot (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 8 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 17) Image 7-13: the input sine wave and clipped output wave of the Inverting amplifier, with their ratio and the results of automatic measurements (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 17) Fill Table 7.3 (4 points) Table 7.3 Clipping of the inverting amplifier’s output waveform + ? cc ? 1 ?𝑎𝑥𝑖??? ? 2 ?𝑎𝑥𝑖??? ∆1 ? cc ? 1 ?𝑖?𝑖??? ? 2 ?𝑖?𝑖??? ∆2 4.5 1.2091 2.8517 1.64 -4.5 -1.21819 -2.6582 1.84 (Lab 7 manual page 18) Image 7-14: the magnitude and phase of the Inverting amplifier’s transfer function; the cursors are at a low frequency and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 9 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps Analyze your data on the Inverting amplifier with fixed gain: (3 points) 1. Calculate the gain as the ratio: from its value in dB at 2 kHz; compare with ?𝑎𝑖? = ? ??? ? 𝐼? the gain found in Images 7-10, 7-11 . (2 points) gain from 7.14= 10^(8.693/20) = 2.72 gain from 7.10 = 281/102 = 2.75 these values are within 0.03, making them very similar and agreeable 2. Verify whether the simple theory (see lab manual page 13) is valid for this Op Amp chip: use the cutoff frequencies from your Images 7-4 (gain = 1) and 7-14 . (3 points) cutoff from 7.14 = 148.86 kHz cutoff from 7.4 = 1.0426 MHz gain * bandwidth from 7.14 = 2.72*148.86 = 404.89 gain * bandwidth from 7.4 = 1.001*1042.6= 1044 These values are not the same, meaning that the gain*bandwidth was not constant the entire time. 3. Compare the accuracy of theoretical predictions of the |Gain| values for the Inverting and Non-inverting amplifiers. Which prediction is more accurate? The inverting amplifiers had a more accurate result (2 points) 4. Explain why the slopes of XY plots measured in the Non-Inverting amplifier ( Image 7-5 ) and in the Inverting amplifier ( Image 7-10 ) differ both in the sign and in the magnitude. The slopes are opposite because the output voltage of the non-inverting amplifier is in phase, and the inverting amplifier output is inverse, or, out of phase, this flips the slope of the XY graph. (2 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 10 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps 5. Explain whether the margins and from Table 7-3 are the same as you found from ∆1 ∆2 your work with the buffer ( Images 7-3, 7-4 ) and with the Non-inverting amplifier ( Image 7-8 ). table 7-3: delta1 = 1.64 Delta 2 = 1.84 Image 7-3: delta1= 0.9 delta2= 1.9 These values differ, most likely because there was a large distorsion in image 7-3 (3 points) 6. Compare the Bandwidth found from Image 7-14 with those you measured in the buffer circuit ( Image 7-4 ) and in the Non-Inverting amplifier ( Image 7-9 ). Comment on their agreement or disagreement. Bandwidth in 7-14= 148.86 kHz Bandwidth in 7-9= 144.23 kHz These two values are very similar and agree with each other with a very small percent difference (5 points) Write a brief summary of what you learned about the Non-Inverting and Inverting amplifiers with fixed gain; what was expected and what surprised you. - I had never worked with these kinds of amplifiers, so it was cool to see the different output graphs and how much they differ. The in-lab work really helped me visualize what we are learning in lecture and HW © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 11 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps In-Lab, total = 108 points Non-Inverting Amplifier with variable gain (Lab 7 manual page 20) Image 7-15: the input and output sine waves of the Non-Inverting amplifier at the minimal |Gain|, with the results of automatic measurements (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 20) Image 7-16: the input and output sine waves of the Non-Inverting amplifier at the maximal |Gain|, with the results of automatic measurements (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 12 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 20) Image 7-17: the magnitude of the Non-Inverting amplifier’s transfer function at the maximal |Gain|, with the cursors at 2 kHz and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 20) Image 7-18: the magnitude of the Non-Inverting amplifier’s transfer function at the minimal |Gain|, with the cursors at 2 kHz and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 13 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps Analyze your data on the Non-Inverting amplifier with variable gain: (5 points) refer to first page as to why maximum values are skewed Expected from theory Measured in the lab % Difference (Measured – Expected) Minimal |Gain| 3.7 3.69 0.2% Maximal |Gain| 65.7 66.41 1.1% (5 points) |Gain| @ 100 Hz Bandwidth in kHz (cutoff frequency) ?𝑎𝑖? | | × ?? % Difference Minimal |Gain| 3.69 105.97 0.4047 11.15 Maximal |Gain| 66.41 9.0914 0.3229 18.93 Inverting Amplifier with variable gain © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 14 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 22) Image 7-19: the input and output sine waves of the Inverting amplifier at the minimal |Gain|, with the results of automatic measurements (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 22) Image 7-20: the input and output sine waves of the Inverting amplifier at the maximal |Gain|, with the results of automatic measurements (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 15 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 22) Image 7-21: the magnitude of the Inverting amplifier’s transfer function at the maximal |Gain|, with the cursors at 2 kHz and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 22) Image 7-22: the magnitude of the Inverting amplifier’s transfer function at the minimal |Gain|, with the cursors at 2 kHz and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 16 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps Analyze your data on the Inverting amplifier with variable gain: (5 points) Expected from theory Measured in the lab % Difference (Measured – Expected) Minimal |Gain| 2.7 2.84 4.9% Maximal |Gain| 70.69 65.45 7.41% (5 points) |Gain| @ 100 Hz Bandwidth in kHz (cutoff frequency) ?𝑎𝑖? | | × ?? % Difference Minimal |Gain| 2.84 107.29 0.3047 10.26% Maximal |Gain| 65.45 8.4035 0.55 16.91% Active Low-Pass filter © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 17 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 25) Image 7-23: the magnitude of the Active Low-Pass filter’s transfer function at the minimal |Gain|; the cursors are at a low frequency (100 Hz) and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 25) Image 7-24: the magnitude of the Active Low-Pass filter’s transfer function at the maximal |Gain|; the cursors are at a low frequency (100 Hz) and at the cutoff frequency (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 18 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (10 points) Minimal |Gain| at low frequency Calculated from theory (HW p14) Measured in the lab % Difference |Gain| at low frequency at 0 Hz 2.7 @ 100 Hz 2.84 4.9% 𝑓 ????𝑓𝑓 = Bandwidth 58.95 45.906 22.13% The product ?𝑎𝑖? | | × ?? 159.165 130.37 18.1% Maximal |Gain| at low frequency |Gain| at low frequency at 0 Hz 12.7 @ 100 Hz 12.67 6.3% 𝑓 ????𝑓𝑓 = Bandwidth 12.53 2.1312 83% The product ?𝑎𝑖? | | × ?? 159.131 26.9 83.1% (2 points) Does the product remain constant when the is varied? ?𝑎𝑖? | |×?? ?𝑎𝑖? | | The product remains constant as gain is varied (2 points) Does the measured product agree with that calculated from theory (HW p14)? ?𝑎𝑖? | |×?? The low frequency calculations do but the high do not. I believe this is because we used the wrong potentiometer in our lab recordings. © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 19 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps Active Band-Pass filter, resonant response (Lab 7 manual page 27) Image 7-25: the magnitude of the Active Band-Pass filter’s transfer function at the minimal resistance ; the cursors are at 100 Hz and at the resonant 𝑅 ? frequency (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 27) Image 7-26: the magnitude of the Active Band-Pass filter’s transfer function at the maximal resistance ; the cursors are at 100 Hz and at the resonant 𝑅 ? © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 20 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps frequency (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 27) Photograph of the complete circuit (5 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 21 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 29) Image 7-27: the magnitude of the Active Band-Pass filter’s transfer function without the feedback resistors; the cursors are at 100 Hz and at the resonant frequency (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 22 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (5 points) The resonant frequency of BPF (in kHz) measured in various ways under different conditions From theory From Image 7-25 From Image 7-26 From Image 7-27 % Difference 105.9 106.85 106.85 106.85 0.8% In the first column above, feel free to use your results from HW p14. In the last column above, write a representative or maximal value. (3 points) Briefly discuss the agreement between the theory and the measured values of resonant frequency. These values agree since the percent difference is less than one percent (6 points) Gain at resonance Minimal feedback resistance Maximal feedback resistance No feedback resistors Image 7-25 Image 7-26 Image 7-27 Gain in dB 15.25 35.25 35.84 ? ???, ??𝑘 ? 𝐼?, ??𝑘 16.31 34.91 34.25 (3 points) Briefly discuss the dependence of |Gain| values at resonance on the feedback resistance. These numbers are all fairly similar to one another, meaning that the ratio of feedback resistors is a fairly reliable way to calculate gain (2 points) Briefly discuss what was expected and what surprised you in experiments with LPF and BPF. I was surprised to see how much the graphs actually change when varying certain components. It was cool to play with the potentiometer as well to get the different gain values © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 23 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps Difference amplifier (Lab 7 manual page 32): Image 7-28: Input and output waveforms of the Non-inverting part of the Difference amplifier (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 24 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (Lab 7 manual page 33): Image 7-29: Input and output waveforms of the Inverting part of the Difference amplifier (3 points) (Lab 7 manual page 35): Image 7-30: Input (inverting) and output waveforms of both parts of the Difference amplifier (3 points) © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 25 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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2023 Fall EECS 314 Labs with AD2 and Keysight instruments Lab 7: Op Amps (5 points) Briefly explain whether your Image 7-30 agrees with the equation for the output voltage: ? ??? = 𝑅 ? 𝑅 ? ? 𝐼? , + ( ) ? 𝐼? , − ( ) [ ] Support your explanations with the calculations based on the resistors’ nominal values and on the voltages measured in Images 7-28, 7-29, 7-30. Vout from 7-30 is 2.26 Vppk. This is agreeable with the equation above. Vout = (270/100)(100.89)-(-100.12)) = 2.499 ppk © 2023 Alexander Ganago Page 26 of 26 Last printed 3/22/23 7:16:00 PM File: 23a Lab 7 report rubrics.docx
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