Lab3Report

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School

Pennsylvania State University *

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310

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Electrical Engineering

Date

Dec 6, 2023

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Moses Tonade EE 310 section 001 Introduction This lab consists of students learning about the transfer of low voltages from AC to DC power and filtering the voltages to be as clean as possible. While in this lab we used power transformers, diodes, Zener diodes, electrolytic capacitors, and a series of resisters. We attempted the design from the board which had us connect a power transformer up to a series of diodes which also had a resistor and a filter capacitor connected in parallel to it. Further along this lab includes the voltage regulator which replaces the resistor and capacitor and attaches onto the circuit like the diagram shown in that section. Circuit Diagram (without Regulator) Figure 1

Moses Tonade EE 310 section 001 The circuit shown in figure 1 represents a full-wave bridge rectifier. This includes the 3-pole power transformer, 2 diodes (1N4004), a 2-watt high powered 150 Ω resistor, and a 450µF capacitor. What this circuit does is it takes the AC voltage wave coming in and transforms the wave to be all positive values. This circuit allows for a smoother transition from AC to DC as it also includes a filter capacitor which in turn allows the output to be cleaner and more precise DC value. Circuit Diagram (without Regulator)

Moses Tonade EE 310 section 001 Suppor ting Analysis This above circuit shows the transformer with the internal resistance of the transformer represented as the Rw and the R1 which is also an Rw. The Rtest is the resistor we inserted to find the Rw values. We calculated the Rtest to be 470Ω. Using the equation ? ac load – ? ac no load 2? test

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Moses Tonade EE 310 section 001 We were able to find R w to be around 2.39Ω, From the I test equalling 62.8mA.For the full-wave rectifier to work we needed to calculate the correct peak-inverse-voltage (PIV) which is the maximum voltage the diode the withstand while in the reverse-bias before the breakdown. For our circuit, we calculated the PIV to have a value of 28.2 V. But we also had to account for the peak-to-peak value and not the RMS value, so we had to multiply part of the equation by √2 to get a value of 29.30 V.

Moses Tonade EE 310 section 001 For the third part of this lab, we had to figure out what kind of filter capacitor to use using the equation 𝐶 = ? m 2f𝑅′ ? ? r This is where V m is equal to the peak voltage coming through the rectifier. The frequency is set to the standard 60 Hz. The R’ L is the resistor value in parallel to the capacitor and the V r was found by multiplying the voltage of the capacitor by 0.15. V r came to 1.8v, the capacitor 450 μ F. After finding all those factors we then first measured using the DMM and the oscilloscope the function of the rectifier by itself to see the waveform act the way we expect it to. We then hooked up the oscilloscope to the side ends of the diodes where the power was not coming in from. The graph was shown on the oscilloscope as the following.

Using the same values as before we can then calculate the diode current to be 282 mA. The following picture shows the maximum current being run through the diodes. In further parts of the lab, we then used Multisim to measure the simulation of the diode current, but we needed to add in a 1Ω resistor in the left section of the diode square because we need to make the voltage equal to the current going through the resistor In order to calculate the maximum diode current, we must find I D using the next equation

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After using the simulation, we needed calculate I z max and I z min along with R i and R L . These parameters were found using equations such as Using these equations, we found the results to be: I z max = 98mA, I z min = 29.4mA, I L = 68.6mA R i = 150Ω, R L = 74Ω Data When first entering the lab the power transformer was the first item we measured and using the multimeter we found this to be correct. The terminals A-C was found to be 21.02 V. The terminals A-B was 10.52 V. The terminals B-C was also 10.37 V. We then knew to choose A-C for the lab since it had the 20V power supply. With load the value was 20.72v. Plot for the rectifier output was shown in Figure 1 Plot for the filtered output of V C was shown in Figure 2

Plot of Vin & Vout This shows V in & V out from terminals A-C. Plot for diode current waveform

DC coupled AC coupled Plot for Zener regulated output waveforms (DC and AC coupled)

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DC coupled AC coupled Plot for IC regulator output waveforms

For the previous waveform graph, we still do not understand why the graph had so much noise but we understand that it should represent the first graph where they are in uniform with each other and show a smoother wave. Plot of IC regulated output from smaller load .

Calculating the results of these including the DMM and the oscilloscope for answers. The first thing found was the V L load and the V L no load which was found to be 5.07V and 5.29v. After that we needed to account for the ripple percentage given to us using the equation %Regulation = ? ? pp ? c pp Using that we then found our percentage to be 4.34% and a ripple factor of 0.1456. The second thing found was the R L load and the R L no load which was found to be 5.05 Ω and 5.22 Ω, The %Regulation was 3.25% and a ripple factor of 0.0012. We found that adding resistors increases the ripple as it lowers the load.

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Circuit Rating %Safety Margin Diode: Max peak Inverse voltage 28.2 400 92.95 Capacitor Voltage 12.37v 50v 75.26 R load Power distribution 1w 2w 50 Discussion Power Dissipation The final thought on this lab must include power dissipation. It is important to think about power dissipation in a circuit for safety reasons. This is when the energy in a circuit element is being transferred and losing some energy in the form of heat. It is important to include a margin of error in order to protect to individual at risk and the actual components themselves from burning up or not working anymore. Error Calculations Many errors could have been foreseen in this lab such as human error when calculating for certain components such as the resistors and capacitors. Many elements were dependent upon each other which could cause an error in the result needed for the circuit. Also, availability of product could have caused and error such as the double Zener diode being used to equal that 15V needed for our diagram. Many errors can occur, but the ones mentioned were worth talking about because they would have the greatest impact on lab results. Power Dissipations and Margins

The outputs of the design specifications were closely similar but however, the availability was an issue because we needed certain values, but they were there in the stockroom for use so instead we had to use similar values but were slightly off. They produced results that were close to what we expected but there was that slight error that is semi unnoticeable. Summary The total experiment was a success because we as the students were able to understand and acknowledge how a full-wave bridge rectifier works. We successfully measured and understood every equation and even thought the graphs were not up to par, we were able to diagnose what the expectations were supposed to be. The whole experiment from the power transformer to the bridge rectifier to the Zener voltage regulator gave us the experience needed to understand the waveforms of AC to DC transfer. Comparison of Outputs to Design Specifications