Energy Resource Mgmt

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Texas State University *

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3321

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Electrical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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6

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Name: Andres S. Guevara Energy Resource Management GEO 3321 Exam 2 1. In 2020 what percentage of U.S. Energy consumption was provided by renewables? What was the percentage of renewables in 2009? What were the percentages of each type of renewable in 2020? (10 points) - 12% of U.S. Energy consumption was provided by renewables. - The percentage of renewables in 2009 was 8%. - Geothermal-2%, Solar-11%, Hydroelectric-22%, Wind-26%, Biomass-39%. 2. Which grain is primarily used to make ethanol in the U.S.? What are the problems with using this grain? (8 points) - Corn is the primary grain used to produce ethanol - Corn is a highly water intensive crop that requires a lot of cropland space, and with the overall demand of ethanol rising, tons of pressure is put onto the land by the use of fertilizers and pesticide to increase yields. 3. Which country is the world’s second largest ethanol producer? What is its primary source for ethanol? (2 points) - Brazil is the world’s second largest ethanol producers. - Their primary source for ethanol is from sugar came. 4. What kind of vehicles can use E-15 fuel? (2 points) - Cars and light trucks 5. What vegetable is most biodiesel made from in the U.S? (1 point) - Soybeans, Soybean Oil 6. Free fatty acids are converted to biodiesel by what process? Briefly describe the process (10 points) - Transesterification, a process in which fat or oil reacts with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. 1
7. How many kilowatt hours of electricity can a ton of burned trash produce? (1 point) - A ton of trash burned can generate about 545 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity. 8. Which 3 states have the most waste to energy plants? (3 points) - Florida, New York, and Minnesota 9. Which 5 countries utilize the most waste to energy plants and what are the percentages? (5 points) - Japan (74%), Scandinavia (53%), Switzerland (47%), United Kingdom (38%), France (35%). 10. What were the top 5 hydroelectric generating states in 2020 and what percentage did each state produce? (10 points) - Washington (26%), Oregon (12%), New York (11%), California (7%), and Alabama (4%). 11. What are the 3 methods to capture tidal power? Describe each (6 points) - Tidal Barrages (like a dam used to capture and generate electricity from both incoming and outgoing tides), Fences (vertically mounted turbines that water flows through and produces electricity), and Freestanding Tidal Turbines (same idea, but heavier and more expensive to build- but capture more energy). 12. What percentage of U.S. electricity was generated by hydropower in 1950? (2 points) - 30% of U.S. electricity was generated by hydropower in 1950. 13. What are 5 disadvantages to the construction of large hydro storage projects? (5 points) - Large dams are typically very expensive - Must operate for years before it is profitable - The natural environment is destroyed - People living in areas to be flooded must move out - Aesthetically displeasing to residents of nearby areas 14. Explain pumped storage (9 points) - A type of hydroelectric power generation that stores energy in the front of water in an upper reservoir, pumped from a second reservoir at a lower elevation. This is an ongoing cycle of pumping up and releasing for electricity production acting as a “water battery”. 15. How does a geothermal pump work? (5 points) - There is a geothermal probe inserted around 100m into the ground, heat from the earth is used to heat a transfer fluid, which then flows through a heat pump & compresses it to higher temperatures, this heat is stored and available for space heating & water heating. 2
16. Which 2 states have installed the most geothermal capacity? (2 points) - California & Nevada 17. Which 4 countries have the most installed geothermal capacity? (4 points) - United States, Indonesia, Philippines, and Turkey 18. Describe the difference between the 2 types of solar collectors (4 points) - Nonconcentrating collectors are small systems where the collector area is the same size as the absorber area; and Concentrating collectors where the collector area is much larger than the absorber area. 19. Through the second quarter of 2021, what are the top 5 states in the U.S. for cumulative solar electricity installed capacity? How much megawatt capacity did each state have? (10 points) - California (32,394 MW), Texas (11,063 MW), Florida (7,681 MW), North Carolina (7,228 MW), Arizona (6,112 MW). 20. What percent of renewable energy in the U.S. was solar in 2007? in 2012? in 2019? (3 points) - 2007: 0.08%; 2012: 2%; and 2019: 9%. 21. What are the 3 largest solar thermal and photovoltaic power stations in the world? What are the capacities of these 6 stations? (12 points) - Solar: Noor/Quarzazate Solar Power Station, Morocco (510 MW cap.) Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, U.S. (392 MW cap.) Solar Energy Generating Systems, U.S. (310 MW cap.) - Photovoltaic: Bhadia Solar Park (2,245 MW cap.) Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park (2,200 MW cap.) Pavagada Solar Park (2,050 MW cap.) 22. How is photovoltaic energy produced? (12 points) - Sunlight strikes the panel, penetrating a cell, converting the light energy into an electrical current. They act as batteries, providing a direct current of electricity that can be used to power many electric utilities. 23. What were the top 3 EU countries for solar PV per capita? How many watts per inhabitant did these countries produce? (6 points) - Germany (590.4 watts), Netherlands (400.6 watts), Belgium (395.5 watts). 3
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