Topic 4 Tutorial Questions (week 5)

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Apr 3, 2024

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ACC/ACF 1100 Introduction to Financial Accounting Tutorial questions TOPIC 4 – Recording information Question 1 Explain the concept of ‘double entry’ with reference to the accounting equation. The concept of "double entry" is a fundamental principle in accounting that states that every financial transaction has two equal and opposite effects. This principle is based on the accounting equation, which forms the foundation of double-entry bookkeeping. The accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity In double-entry accounting, every transaction is recorded with at least two entries: a debit and a credit. Debits and credits represent increases and decreases in different accounts, respectively. The total debits must always equal the total credits for each transaction, ensuring that the accounting equation remains in balance. Question 2 Why is ‘double-entry’ accounting important to follow? Think about what you have learned so far in this unit. Ensures accuracy by balancing each transaction. Records all financial activities comprehensively. Forms the basis for reliable financial statements. Facilitates informed decision-making. Helps comply with legal and regulatory standards. Provides a clear audit trail for accountability. Enables comparative analysis for strategic insights. Overall, the double-entry system ensures accuracy and completeness in recording financial transactions, providing a clear picture of a company's financial position and performance. Question 3 Explain the function of ledger accounts, including the role of a chart of accounts. 1. Recording Transactions: Ledger accounts serve as individual records for various categories of transactions, such as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses. Each transaction is posted to the appropriate ledger account, ensuring that all financial activities are accurately documented. 2. Organising Financial Data: Ledger accounts help organise financial data in a systematic manner. This organization simplifies the retrieval and analysis of financial information. 3. Maintaining Balances: Every debit and credit entry made to a ledger account affects its balance. This enables users to track the cumulative impact of transactions on specific accounts over time. 4. Preparing Financial Statements: Ledger accounts serve as the basis for preparing financial statements, such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. These statements aggregate information from relevant ledger accounts to provide a comprehensive overview of a company's financial position, performance, and cash flows.
Question 4 Explain the rules of ‘debit’ and ‘credit, along with the ‘normal’ balances of the ledger accounts. Identify which of the following account balances are incorrect: No. Account Debit Credit 100 Cash 16,030 105 Accounts Receivable 1,240 150 Equipment 90,000 200 Accounts Payable 15,510 300 Capital 80,000 305 Drawings 3,000 400 Fees Income 40,360 500 Wages Expense 13,600 505 Rent Expense 12,000 135,140 136,600 Question 5 The four general purpose financial statements include the income statement, statement of changes in equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. Explain what formal titles each of the statements has, and explain how things are classified (broken down) within each of them. Income Statement: Formal Title: “Profit and Loss Statement” or "Statement of Comprehensive Income" Revenue: Sales, service revenue, interest income, etc. Expenses: Cost of goods sold (COGS), operating expenses, interest expenses, taxes, etc. Net Income: Revenue minus expenses, yielding either net profit or net loss. Statement of Changes in Equity: Formal Title: "Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity" Beginning Equity: Opening balances of equity accounts. Changes in Equity: Includes net income or loss, dividends, capital contributions, share repurchases, and other adjustments. Ending Equity: Closing balances of equity accounts. Balance Sheet: Formal Title: "Statement of Financial Position." Assets: Current assets (e.g., cash, accounts receivable) and non-current assets (e.g., property, plant, equipment). Liabilities: Current liabilities (e.g., accounts payable, short-term debt) and non-current liabilities (e.g., long-term debt). Equity: Common stock, retained earnings, additional paid-in capital, accumulated other comprehensive income, etc. Total Assets: Sum of all assets. Total Liabilities and Equity: Sum of all liabilities and equity.
Statement of Cash Flows: Formal Title: "Statement of Cash Flows." Operating Activities: Cash inflows and outflows from day-to-day business operations. Investing Activities: Cash flows related to the purchase or sale of long-term assets or investments. Financing Activities: Cash flows from issuing or repurchasing equity, borrowing or repaying debt, and payment of dividends. Net Increase/Decrease in Cash: Sum of cash flows from all activities. Beginning and Ending Cash Balances: Opening and closing cash balances. Question 6 Nicola recently started her own business as an interior designer. Her business records reveal the following transactions: Jan 1 Nicola contributed $5,000 cash and a computer worth $2,000 to start the business. Jan 2 Nicola paid office rent of $2,200 for the month. Jan 7 Nicola paid $400 to advertise the business for the month. Jan 9 Nicola purchased a business vehicle worth $20,000, paying $1,000 cash with the remainder financed by a loan. (have not specified if loan is transferred to bank and then to vehicle) Jan 12 Nicola provided consulting services to a client for $3,000 cash. Jan 15 Nicola took cash drawings of $800. Jan 20 Nicola earned $4,000 in consulting fees on credit. Jan 25 Nicola received an electricity account for the month of $250. Jan 30 Nicola paid her assistant wages of $1,900 cash. (a) Perform transaction analysis in the table below. The first entry has been completed. Date Assets + Draw + Expen = Liabs + Capital + Income Jan 1 + 7,000 + 7,000 2 -2200 +2200 7 -400 +400 9 +19000 +19000 12 +3000 +3000 15 -800 +800 20 +4000 +4000 25 +250 +250 30 -1900 +1900 Totals 27700 +800 +4750 +19250 +7000 +7000 (b) Enter the transactions into the ledgers below.
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