IHP 501__6-2 Project Preparation
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Southern New Hampshire University *
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501
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Health Science
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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docx
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10
Uploaded by CountGull2602
Jennifer Duffie
SNHU
IHP 501 Global Health and Diversity
6-2 Project Preparation – Intervention Strategies
January 20, 2024
Conventional
Vision
One conventional intervention in West Africa that involves modern or Western medicine is vaccination clinics or campaigns. “Vaccination campaigns are a delivery strategy to quickly reach many children/individuals with one or more vaccines. They can be conducted at the national or sub-national level, single antigen or integrated depending on the country's needs and objectives” (Immunization Campaigns, n.d.). These campaigns in West Africa are organized to prevent the spread of infectious diseases by administering vaccines to the population. Health authorities and international organizations often conduct vaccination programs to protect individuals from diseases such as measles, polio, yellow fever, and others. They play a crucial role in public health efforts to reduce the incidence of preventable diseases in West Africa and improve overall community well-being.
The main objective is to hinder the occurrence and spread of vaccine-preventable illnesses like measles, polio, yellow fever, meningitis, and others. Vaccines work by activating the immune system to identify and combat specific pathogens, thereby lowering the prevalence of these diseases.
Inmazeb, a mixture of three monoclonal antibodies, has recently received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration "as the first FDA-approved treatment for Zaire ebolavirus (Ebola virus) infection in both adult and pediatric patients" (Office of the Commissioner, 2020).
This significant breakthrough represents a major achievement in the battle
against Ebola, offering healthcare professionals a crucial therapeutic choice to confront this lethal virus. The authorization of Inmazeb follows thorough clinical trials and meticulous evaluation, guaranteeing its safety and effectiveness in addressing Ebola infections. Introducing
this novel treatment instills fresh optimism for enhanced outcomes and recovery among patients impacted by this devastating illness. It is also essential for this population to prevent other diseases that could weaken their immune systems and make them susceptible to Ebola.
By preventing vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks, healthcare systems can better allocate resources to other health priorities. This can result in overall improvements in healthcare delivery
and infrastructure.
Vaccination efforts play a crucial role in preparedness for potential epidemics or pandemics. Building a vaccinated population enhances resilience against emerging infectious threats. By implementing this intervention, Guinea seeks to create a robust defense mechanism against the Ebola virus, protecting its population from potential future outbreaks. The intervention is centered on achieving immunity and aims to bolster Guinea's healthcare infrastructure, improve disease surveillance systems, and enhance the overall preparedness of the
country's healthcare professionals.
Moreover, the initiative prioritizes community engagement and education, ensuring widespread understanding and acceptance of the significance of preventive measures and early detection among the local population. By proactively reinforcing healthcare systems, improving surveillance capabilities, and investing in research and development, "Guinea can better equip itself to respond effectively to future outbreaks. Furthermore, the 100% efficacy of existing Ebola vaccines highlights the progress made in medical research and offers hope for preventing and controlling the spread of the virus" (Malik et al., 2023).
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Implementation
Implementing a vaccine campaign for a humanitarian aid trip to West Africa requires a multidisciplinary team with various roles and responsibilities. Collaboration and communication among team members are crucial for success. The campaign should include regular training sessions, cultural sensitivity workshops, and contingency planning. It is also essential to adapt strategies based on the specific needs and challenges of the communities in West Africa. We will utilize our project manager for overall coordination, planning, and execution of the vaccine campaign. The program manager will also communicate effectively with team members and stakeholders to provide updates on the campaign's progress. Our medical professionals, like the doctors and nurses, have the clinical expertise to oversee medical aspects, provide vaccinations, and handle medical emergencies. They would also provide vaccine education, including vaccine information, address concerns, and ensure informed consent.
For this intervention to be successful, specific supplies and items are necessary. First, we will need the specific vaccines needed for the campaign. We will also need refrigerators, freezers
to store and transport vaccines at the required temperature, and safe disposal systems
to correctly
dispose of medical waste generated during vaccination activities. Cold-chain logistics for safely transporting vaccines from distribution centers to vaccination sites is integral. We will need sufficient medical supplies, including enough sterile needles and syringes, and PPE, including gloves, masks, gowns, and other protective gear for our team. A detailed Emergency response plan is beneficial for unexpected challenges like adverse reactions to vaccines. Vaccine tracking will be necessary, so we must utilize a vaccine tracking system
for tracking vaccine distribution, administration, monitoring adverse reactions, and managing and analyzing vaccination data. Our
communication strategies must incorporate outreach materials and campaigns to inform and engage communities.
Recruiting and training personnel for vaccination teams, encompassing vaccinators, supervisors, and support staff, will incur significant costs for this campaign. Salaries for these individuals must be covered before, during, and after the campaign, constituting the primary expense. While the acquisition of vaccines itself is a substantial one-time cost, once the vaccines are obtained, the expenditure is concluded. Procuring vaccines forms a considerable portion of the budget and depends on the type and quantity needed. Additionally, cold storage facilities and transportation investments are necessary to uphold the vaccines at the recommended temperatures. Providing personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers involved in the vaccination process is another essential cost. Other expenses include the purchase of syringes, needles, alcohol swabs, and other supplies required for the vaccination process. Developing or enhancing information systems for tracking and monitoring vaccine distribution, administration, and adverse reactions is crucial. Implementing communication strategies to educate the public, raise awareness, and address vaccine hesitancy is also part of the budget. Furthermore, setting up and operating vaccination centers, covering rent, utilities, and facility management, incurs additional costs. Allocating funds for unforeseen challenges or emergencies is a prudent measure.
Complementary or Integrative Health (CIH) Intervention
Vision
“
CIH emphasizes patient empowerment, self-activation, preventive self-care, and wellness. Generally, most CIH approaches fall into two categories: natural products, such as
herbs, vitamins and minerals, and probiotics; and mind-body practices, such as yoga, meditation, massage therapy, acupuncture, and mindfulness” (Complementary and Integrative Health, 2024).
Many African countries often turn to the use of herbal medicines as a supplementary intervention
to alleviate symptoms related to Ebola and other diseases at home. In certain situations, herbal medicines are proposed as a more effective and natural alternative for the body. This complementary health approach has been favored for years, especially in West Africa, where limited access to healthcare is prevalent. “Herbal medicine is part and parcel of and sometimes synonymous with African traditional medicine. It is the oldest and still the most widely used system of medicine today. Herbal medicines, also called botanical medicines, vegetable medicines, or phytomedicines, as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) refers to herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain whole plants, parts of plants, or other plant materials, including leaves, bark, berries, flowers, and roots, and their extracts as active ingredients intended for human therapeutic use or other benefits in humans and sometimes animal” (Ozioma & Nwamaka Chinwe, 2019). I propose the adoption of herbal medicine due to its familiarity and historical use within the community throughout the country. In Guinea and West Africa, people have relied on natural remedies, including herbal products and probiotics, to combat conditions like Ebola in its early stages. Unlike manufactured drugs, these natural remedies play a crucial role in the human body. The intervention aims to enhance accessibility for the community, aligning with their existing reliance on herbal medicines. The community's widespread use of these remedies indicates reported personal experiences supporting their effectiveness. The key to success is validating the same active components by numerous communities, lending greater credibility. Early identification of items with standardized safety, proven clinical activity, and demonstrated ex-
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vivo activity in patient plasma samples would enable focused purification efforts. Natural products can positively impact families seeking improvement, as they can readily access remedies. Opting for this intervention is preferable because individuals are familiar with it and know what to anticipate from specific natural products. With past positive outcomes, they are experienced in adequately combining and administering natural medicines for effective results.
Implementation
To successfully implement this intervention efficiently, it is crucial to garner support from
individuals with diverse backgrounds who comprehend the potential impact of utilizing natural products. The involvement of partners is vital, particularly in securing funding for the humanitarian trip to ensure its success. Potential partners such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) play a pivotal role. These programs have been established to aid communities in addressing and combating diseases, ensuring that necessary assistance reaches those in need. Collaboration between the United States and West Africa, particularly with the UNDP's crisis assistance, holds immense potential for mutual benefit. By showcasing their commitment to working together for positive change, these organizations are well-suited for the task. Their ability to provide essential funding
and organize resources efficiently positions them as ideal collaborators in addressing challenges as they arise. To ensure the safe and efficient utilization of herbal products, it is essential to conduct tests that verify the correct identification of medicinal plants, whether incorporated into food, dietary supplements, or herbal medicine. Several steps must be taken to guarantee the authentic and effective distribution of natural products for the body. After confirming a substantial clinical response, it becomes imperative to identify and define the active components
chemically. In some regions, natural product extracts can be consumed directly as a decoction, and these extracts are commonly available for purchase in stores. While natural products may be readily available, an additional step is always required to combat the disease. Initiating this intervention will incur a significant cost to distribute dietary supplements and gain a head start efficiently. Volunteering in Africa is a meaningful and impactful experience that often comes with a financial commitment. "On average, it costs approximately $750 per person per week to participate in volunteer programs on the continent" (Go Abroad Writing Team, 2019). As discussed previously, staffing would incur the highest cost. The cost per patient treated exhibited a notable disparity attributed to differences in research location, type of healthcare facility, disease severity, and treatment regimen.
Traditional herbal medications, if used, would need to be sourced or produced. Costs may vary depending on the availability and rarity of the herbs. Adequate PPE, including gloves, masks, gowns, and goggles, is essential to protect healthcare workers and prevent the spread of the virus. Diagnostic tools, such as thermometers, blood pressure monitors, and basic medical supplies like bandages and antiseptics. Costs for transporting medical supplies and equipment to the affected areas.
References:
Club SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2024, from https://www.oecd.org/swac/coronavirus-west-africa/SWAC-COVID-
19%20BRIEF_Vaccination%20Roll-out_ENG.pdf
Complementary and Integrative Health. (2024, January 20). Www.hsrd.research.va.gov. https://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/research_topics/cih.cfm#:~:text=CIH%20emphasizes
%20patient%20empowerment%2C%20self
GOABROAD WRITING TEAM. (2019, May 23). How much does it cost to volunteer abroad? we dove deep T... GoAbroad.com. Retrieved July 16, 2022, from https://www.goabroad.com/articles/volunteer-abroad/how-much-does-it-cost-to-volunteerabroad
Immunization campaigns. (n.d.). Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-
vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization/implementation/
immunization-campaigns#:~:text=Vaccination%20campaigns%20are%20a%20delivery
Malik, S., Kishore, S., Nag, S., Dhasmana, A., Preetam, S., Mitra, O., León-Figueroa, D. A., Mohanty, A., Chattu, V. K., Assefi, M., Padhi, B. K., & Sah, R. (2023). Ebola Virus Disease Vaccines: Development, Current Perspectives & Challenges. Vaccines, 11(2), 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020268
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Ozioma, E.-O. J., & Nwamaka Chinwe, O. A. (2019). Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine. In www.intechopen.com. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64851