Social Movements and Self-Determination_HIST157_S22

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History

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Oct 30, 2023

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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND SELF- DETERMINATION HIST 157 STAHL-KOVELL

REVIEW: THE POSTWAR ERA • After World War II, the progressive changes for Native peoples which characterized the 1930s and 1940s were eclipsed by the politics of the Cold War. • The Federal government began a new policy of termination which sought to divest governmental responsibility for tribal peoples. • Further, the federal relocation program sought to detribalize Native peoples by encouraging relocation to cities around the United States. • Like other disenfranchised peoples in the U.S. , the many American Indians who served in the Armed Forces and defense industry during the war demanded equality in a country where the status quo on reservations had changed little in the twentieth century.

THE 1960S • Even though the federal government halted its efforts to terminate tribes after 1958, not much had changed on reservations since the Merriam Report in 1928 — reservations still endured the highest unemployment rates, lowest education rates, and high levels of mortality related to otherwise treatable illnesses and conditions. • Native organizations that were founded in the aftermath of World War II began to organize conferences, lobby congress for reform, and form new ideas about solving problems for Indigenous peoples.

THE INDIGENOUS INTELLIGENTSIA • Over the twentieth century, many Native scholars, writers, artists, activists, and community leaders shaped an Indigenous perspective on politics, Indian-white relations, and the legacy of colonialism. • One of those important thinkers wasVine Deloria, Jr. (top). His book Custer Died for your Sins, was a central text of the Red Power Movement and centered on explaining the historical relationship between Native people and settler colonial society to explain contemporary issues.

CULTURAL REVITALIZATION • Alongside the growing political movement for Indigenous rights and sovereignty, many Native community members sought to revitalize language and cultural traditions/lifeways. • Marie Potts (top) was a Maidu community leader and activist who helped revitalize the Bear Dance for her people among her many other achievements. • Vivian Hailstone (Hoopa) was an activist and Basket weaver who helped revitalize basket weaving as a cultural and spiritual practice in northern California.

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • Native demands for reform and increased sovereignty came as the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum in the late 1950s and early 1960s. • The Civil Rights movement for Black Americans demanded equality under the law, a stop to white supremacist violence and terrorism, and an end to segregation, employment and housing discrimination. • The Civil Rights Movement sought to resolve the failures of the Reconstruction Era after the American Civil War — that white supremacy doomed Reconstruction to fail in fully and equally integrating Black citizens into American society.

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