06_Ship_strength

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Stevens Institute Of Technology *

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NE224

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Mechanical Engineering

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Oct 30, 2023

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NE224 Spring 2023 Instructor: An Wang 7 Ship Strength 7.1 Loads on the ship structure Static loads: —Weights —Buoyancy forces —Internal/external force on hull/liquid tank surfaces —Stresses caused by thermal effects. —... Dynamic loads: — Wave induced forces. — Inertial forces due to ship acceleration. —Slamming forces. —Periodic loading due to forced vibration from rotating machinery. —Sloshing forces for containers partially filled with liquid. —... Occasional and unusual operational loads: —Ice breaking loads. —Loads caused by explosion, missile blast, air craft landing, etc. —Loads during launching, drydocking and berthing. —Loads due to grounding, collision. —... Figure 7.1: Longitudinal bending. 7.2 Structural arrangements of ships (Framing systems) 7.2.1 Structural element Stiffened plating : fundamental structural element. 1
NE224 Spring 2023 Instructor: An Wang Figure 7.2: An example of stiffened plating. Considerations for structural design: — Structural efficiency: have the least weight for a given strength. Unless the arrange- ment with the least weight costs more. — Cost of materials and fabrication. — Structural continuity. Avoid stress concentrations. — Utilization of space. Framing system of a ship can be characterized by the relative number, size and spacing of its transverse stiffeners compared to the number, size and spacing of its longitudinal stiffeners. 7.2.2 Transverse framing system Transverse framing system consists of many small, closely spaced transverse stiffeners and fewer larger, widely spaced longitudinal stiffeners, see figure 7.3. 2
NE224 Spring 2023 Instructor: An Wang Figure 7.3: Transverse framing. Figure 7.4: An example of transverse framing system. Transverse framing system originate from wooden ships and dominated during the early years for steel ships as well, when ship structural design mostly depends on empirical proce- dures and past experience. 3
NE224 Spring 2023 Instructor: An Wang Most stiffeners in the transverse framing system do not contribute to longitudinal strength (resistance to longitudinal bending). Therefore, transverse framing system is not optimal for structural efficiency. 7.2.3 Longitudinal framing system Longitudinal framing system consists of many small, closely spaced longitudinals sup- porting the plating directly and being supported in turn by a few large, widely spaced longitudinals, see figure 7.5. Figure 7.5: Longitudinal framing. 4
NE224 Spring 2023 Instructor: An Wang Figure 7.6: Examples of longitudinal framing system. Longitudinal framing system becomes more popular after structural analysis were in- creasing applied to ship structural design. It is especially popular in oil tankers and bulk carriers. Advantages of longitudinal framing system compared with transverse framing system: 1) Longitudinal framing system has better structural efficiency than transverse fram- ing system (longitudinally framed ship has better longitudinal strength to a transversely framed ship of equal size and structural weight, thus permitting the carriage of more cargo or payload). 2) Longitudinal framing system is more resistant to plate buckling (especially for deck plate and bottom plate). 3) Longitudinal framing system can easily adapt a graduated size configuration at different depth to accommodate the varying pressure on shell plating or liquid container plating at different depth. 5
NE224 Spring 2023 Instructor: An Wang Drawbacks of longitudinal framing system compared with transverse framing system: 1) The deep webs penetrate into cargo space and interfere with packed cargo . 2) Difficult in construction at the bow and stern , where the longitudinal stiffeners are too close together. Therefore, transverse framing is usually used at the bow and stern of a longitudinally framed ship. 7.2.4 Combination framing system Figure 7.7: Combination framing. 6
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