OSH 2301 Unit VIII Final Exam
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The core elements of a safety management system are first to have a clear and understandable written
plan. This includes policies, procedures, and written processes that include all at risk tasks to be
conducted in the normal and emergency scope of a job. The system must include comprehensive training
from start of employment and continuing, refresher training periodically thereafter. The program must be
monitored for effectiveness and modified when gaps are discovered, and changes are needed. Though
the program needs to be supported from all levels it is imperative that supervision enforce and coach their
subordinates in safe techniques and mitigation methods. A good program will have a robust reporting
system to capture all incidents including root causes, near miss reporting, and mitigation actions taken
that will help the program move forward and help repeating mistakes.
The hierarchy of control is a step-by-step approach to eliminating or reducing risks and it ranks risk
controls from the highest level of protection and reliability through to the lowest and least reliable
protection. It consists of five controls and those are: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering, Administrative,
and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
An example of elimination would be loading hazardous products on a railcar. To eliminate this, you would
stop loading the hazardous products on the railcar.
An example of substitution would be if a company is using cleaning materials that are toxic you would
substitute the cleaning materials for something that is less harmful and more user friendly.
An example of engineering control would be installing vent hoods for a process that creates lots of lead.
An administrative control is to have policies in place that show how to conduct a task from start to finish.
And Personal Protective Equipment or PPE is to ensure that you are wearing what is needed for the task
at hand.
The three sources of ignition that I see primarily in my workplace are electrical boxes, hot work, and
equipment maintenance.
We just had an MSHA Inspection last week at our site and the main thing we got cited on was electrical.
We had spare spots in the on position and holes not covered with caps on top and bottom of the
electrical boxes. The way we can control and eliminate this is when doing the work ensure that it is done
correctly. Have a checklist so that you can go step by step and not forget to label the box that was a
spare or cover the holes that should have caps.
Equipment maintenance is another source of ignition. We tend to run equipment until failure to ensure
we get the most bang for our buck. This can cause mechanical issues which could eventually lead to a
spark of some sort or even a fire. Equipment should be regularly maintained and inspected for
mechanical integrity. Any hazard that is identified in the inspection should be immediately corrected.
The third source is hot work. Welding can carry a significant risk because fuel is always looking for an
ignition source. A way to control and eliminate these sources is through safe work plans, proper lock out
tag out procedures, and tests before and after the process.
Leading indicators are proactive and preventative measures that help measure the effectiveness of a
process or program. Lagging indicators measure evets and frequency of occurrence of things that have
occurred so that you know where your system or process is failing.
While both leading and lagging indicators are good tools in adjusting a safety program or process,
leading indicators can reveal potential problems before they occur. Being proactive is always the
preferred action regarding safety. Lagging indicators focus on system failures that have occurred which is
reactive and can result in injury, illness, or death.
When leading indicators such as near misses are reported, the management system will direct those
responsible for change to make corrections before an event occurs. When lagging indicators are
reviewed many times the loss has occurred, and the system should still react to prevent reoccurrence,
but the damage has already been done. Both are still a valuable part of the safety management system.
They show trends and provide important data on how to keep something moving in the right direction to
adjust or mitigate something from reoccurring. Even without a formal safety program both leading and
lagging indicators can shed light on the direction of the company needs to go to prevent, reduce,
improve, and increase performance throughout the organization.
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