ME495 Lab 4_SmithE

pdf

School

San Diego State University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

495

Subject

Mechanical Engineering

Date

Apr 3, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

12

Uploaded by ChiefDeerMaster1083

Report
Tubular Heat Exchanger ME 495: Mechanical and Thermal Systems Lab Thursday: Section 05 Author: Emilee Smith Instructor: Dr. Hamid Nourollahi Feb 21, 2024
Table of Contents Objective of Experiment ................................................................................................................................ 3 Equations and Symbols .................................................................................................................................. 4 Equipment ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Experimental Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 4 Experimental Results ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Sample Calculations ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Discussion of Results ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Lab Guide Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 List of Figures Figure 1: Graph of Power Emitted and Absorbed vs Flow Rate .................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Graph of Ξ”T for Cold and Hot Fluid vs Flow Rate ........................................................................ 7 Figure 3: Graph of Overall Efficiency and Flow Rate ................................................................................... 8 List of Tables Table 1: Symbols ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Table 2: Equations .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Table 3:Average Efficiency and Error Across Different Flow Rates ............................................................. 6 Table 4:Average Heat Transfer Coefficient and LMTD Across Different Flow Rates .................................. 6
Objective of Experiment The primary purpose of the experiment is to understand heat transfer that occurs in tubular heat exchangers. The performance of the heat exchanger at three different flow rates will be evaluated by calculating the heat transfer coefficient using the data collected. It is hypothesized that the system will cause the heat transfer coefficient to initially increase proportionally with the flow rate, then begin to decrease as flow rate continues to be increased. The principle guiding this experiment is based on the transfer of heat between hot and cold fluid streams separated by two concentric (coaxial) tubes. The hot water flowing through the inner metal tube will decrease in temperature while the cold water flowing through the outer acrylic annulus will increase in temperature. Several elements can affect the heat transfer coefficient within this heat exchanger. The material properties of the fluid being used as well as the system itself can create discrepancies within the data collection. Temperature gradient between the hot and cold fluids, the geometry of the heat exchanger being utilized, and the fluid flow rates may also have an effect on the outcome of the experiment. Finally, the independent variable will be the cold water, and the dependent variable will be the heat transfer coefficient - the main objective. The following two tables include a list of symbols and equations, respectively, that will be used for data collection, evaluation, and calculations.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help
Table 1: Symbols Symbol Definition 𝑇 1 Hot Fluid Inlet ( ℃ ) 𝑇 3 Hot Fluid Outlet ( ℃ ) 𝑇 4 Cold Fluid Inlet ( ℃ ) 𝑇 6 Cold Fluid Outlet ( ℃ ) ???? Mass Flow Rate 𝑉??? Volumetric Flow Rate ρ Density of Fluid 𝑄??? Heat Rate ? ? Specific Heat Capacity βˆ†π‘‡ Change in Temperature ( ℃ ) Ξ· Overall Efficiency 𝑄??? ??𝑖???? Heat Emitted 𝑄??? ???????? Heat Absorbed ? Flow Area ??𝑇? Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference TA βˆ† Temperature Difference between and ( ℃ ) 𝑇 3 𝑇 4 TB βˆ† Temperature Difference between and ( ℃ ) 𝑇 1 𝑇 6 β„Ž Heat Transfer Coefficient
Table 2: Equations Equation 1: Mass Flow Rate ???? = 𝑉??? * ρ Equation 2: Heat Emitted 𝑄??? ??𝑖???? = ???? β„Ž?? * ? ?, β„Ž?? * βˆ†π‘‡ β„Ž?? Equation 3: Heat Absorbed 𝑄??? ???????? = ???? ???? * ? ?, ???? * βˆ†π‘‡ ???? Equation 4: Overall Efficiency Ξ· = 𝑄??? ???????? /𝑄??? ??𝑖???? * 100% Equation 5: Heat Loss 𝑄??? ?𝑖??? = 𝑄??? ??𝑖???? βˆ’ 𝑄??? ???????? Equation 6: Heat Transfer Coefficient β„Ž = 𝑄??? ??𝑖???? /(? * ??𝑇?) Equation 7: Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference ??𝑇? = (βˆ†π‘‡? βˆ’ βˆ†π‘‡?) / ?? (βˆ†π‘‡?/βˆ†π‘‡?) Equation 8: Temperature Efficiency (Hot) (𝑇 1 βˆ’ 𝑇 3 )/(𝑇 1 βˆ’ 𝑇 4 ) * 100% Equation 9: Temperature Efficiency (Cold) (𝑇 6 βˆ’ 𝑇 4 )/(𝑇 1 βˆ’ 𝑇 4 ) * 100% Equipment ● HT30XC Heat Exchanger Unit ● HT31 Tubular (tube-in-tube) Heat Exchanger Experimental Procedure The first step of the experiment is to check that the HT31 Tubular (tube-in-tube) Heat Exchanger is mounted correctly to the HT30XC Heat Exchanger Unit which should then be connected to the computer via USB. The hot water cylinder should be filled up with water if needed (if it is any less than full). Next, the sensors must be connected properly for counterflow. The hot water inlet is connected to sensor T1 while hot water outlet is connected to T3. For the cold water, T4 connects the inlet, while T6 connects the outlet. Finally, the temperature sensors must be connected to the correct socket - the numbers on the plugs and the sockets need to match.
Once the system is set-up completely, the Armfield HT31 Tubular heat exchanger software can be initiated. The flow should be countercurrent, then the load button can be pressed. Next, click on β€œview diagram”, then β€œhot water flow”. The mode of operation will be automatic with a how water flow rate of 2.5 L/min (in β€œset point” tab). Then, click β€œheater”, β€œautomatic”, and set the temperature to 50 degrees Celsius. Everything else will remain the same. Adjust the cold water valve setting to be 100 (meaning 100% open). Open the inlet AND outlet flow valves for the hot water and turn on the main power supply switch. In β€œcontrols” via the software, press β€œpower on” to start the heater. Once the water temperature reaches 50 degrees celsius, turn on the cold water supply. To do this, set the percentage valve opening to 100% on the computer. Next, turn on the sink faucet until the cold water flow rate is 3 L/min. Click GO and data collection will begin. Click on the view table tab and once 10 data points are collected, save the data and repeat the procedure for flow rates of 2 L/min and 1.5 L/min. To conclude the experiment, press the β€œpower off” button, disconnect all connections, and drain the water. Experimental Results Table 3:Average Efficiency and Error Across Different Flow Rates Flow Rate (L/min) Mean Efficiency (%) Overall Efficiency (%) 3 18.44 96.91 2 19.10 93.80 1.5 19.72 95.32 Table 4:Average Heat Transfer Coefficient and LMTD Across Different Flow Rates Flow Rate (L/min) Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTD Heat Transfer Coefficient 3 23.99 2279.87 2 23.28 1911.89 1.5 22.54 1737.55
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help
Figure 1: Graph of Power Emitted and Absorbed vs Flow Rate Figure 2: Graph of Ξ”T for Cold and Hot Fluid vs Flow Rate
Figure 3: Graph of Overall Efficiency and Flow Rate Sample Calculations: Equation 1 (mass flow rate): ???? = 𝑉??? * ρ ???? β„Ž?? = 0. 04 ??/? ???? ???? = 0. 05 ??/? Equation 2 (Heat Emitted): 𝑄??? ??𝑖???? = ???? β„Ž?? * ? ?, β„Ž?? * βˆ†π‘‡ β„Ž?? Q. (emitted) = 1138.6 W Equation 3 (Heat Absorbed): 𝑄??? ???????? = ???? ???? * ? ?, ???? * βˆ†π‘‡ ???? Q. (absorbed) = 1013.4 W
Equation 5 (Heat Lost): 𝑄??? ?𝑖??? = 𝑄??? ??𝑖???? βˆ’ 𝑄??? ???????? Q.(final) = 125.2 W Equation 6 (Heat Transfer Coefficient): β„Ž = 𝑄??? ??𝑖???? /(? * ??𝑇?) h = 2532.8 Equation 7 (Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference): ??𝑇? = (βˆ†π‘‡? βˆ’ βˆ†π‘‡?) / ?? (βˆ†π‘‡?/βˆ†π‘‡?) LMTD = 24.36 Equation 4 (Overall efficiency): Ξ· = 𝑄??? ???????? /𝑄??? ??𝑖???? * 100% Ξ· = 89.0% Equation 8 & 9 (Mean Efficiency): Ξ·(β„Ž??) = (𝑇 1 βˆ’ 𝑇 3 )/(𝑇 1 βˆ’ 𝑇 4 ) * 100% Ξ·(????) = (𝑇 6 βˆ’ 𝑇 4 )/(𝑇 1 βˆ’ 𝑇 4 ) * 100% Ξ·(hot) = 21.0% Ξ·(cold) = 15.9% Ξ·(average) = 18.4%
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help
Discussion of Results In Figure 1, the correlation between how much power is either absorbed or emitted and the flow rate of the cold water is shown. As the flow rate increases, the power emitted increases along with the power absorbed. Figure 2 is a plot of the change in temperature vs flow rate which ultimately states the obvious transfer of heat between hot and cold fluids in the system - the hot water cools down, while the cold water heats up. Finally, figure 3 illustrates the relationship between the overall efficiency of the heat exchanger and the flow rate. The efficiency does not increase as flow rate increases. In fact, it decreases, then increases and is optimal at the highest flow rate, roughly 3 L/min. Error that may have occurred within the system depends on material properties of the fluids used as well as the system itself. Other factors that may play a role in affecting the outcome are the temperature gradient between the two fluids, the geometry of the heat exchanger, and the flow rates of the fluids. The flow rate was determined by the faucet and fluctuated which therefore may have created discrepancies in the results. However, taking several points of data helps provide averages to account for this. The temperature gradient between the hot and cold fluids may also change the results, but again, with repeating the runs several times, there are averages that can be used to get a general understanding of the results. Experimentally, the outcome was not exactly what was expected. The hypothesis was that the heat transfer coefficient would initially increase, then decrease. However, the results of this experiment show the heat transfer coefficient only increasing, never going back down. It is possible that running the experiment at higher flow rates might prove the hypothesis correct. Lab Guide Questions 1. Did the heat exchanger remove more or less heat from the hot stream as the flow rate of the cold water decreased?
As the flow rate decreased, the heat exchanger removed less heat from the hot stream. This can be seen in Figure 1 which shows the heat emitted from the hot stream vs the flow rate of the cold water. 2. Did the system efficiency increase or decrease as the cold water flow rate decreased? With the decrease in cold water flow rate, system efficiency also decreased as shown in Figure 2. 3. Why is it necessary to find the Heat Transfer coefficient for heat exchanger? The heat transfer coefficient measures the performance of a heat exchanger at different flow rates. This provides information on the efficiency of different flow rates used in the heat exchanger. 4. Were there any systematic or random errors that affected your measurements in this experiment? Discuss in detail and suggest innovative ways to minimize such errors. Errors may have been caused by several different factors such as water loss, piping/sealing issues, or miscalibration between the software and heat exchanger system. Regular maintenance and assuring proper calibration would minimize these issues that may arise. Conclusion The goal of this experiment was to become familiar with the tubular heat exchanger and understand the correlation between the heat transfer coefficient and flow rate. Within the tubular heat exchanger, the cold fluid in the outer annulus and the hot fluid flowing through the inner tube will transfer heat between each other, heating up the cold fluid and cooling down the hot fluid. There were three runs at different flow rates conducted: 3 L/min, 2 L/min, and 1.5 L/min. The heat transfer coefficient increased proportionally to the flow rates used in this experiment, resulting in values of 2279.87, 1911.89, and 1737.55 respectively. The overall efficiency was not consistent with the flow rate, giving the highest efficiency at a flow rate of 2 L/min. This coincides with the hypothesis that the system will initially increase, then begin to decrease and lose efficiency. Heat exchangers depend on the velocity of fluid, the higher the flow rate, the more turbulent the flow, the more contact there is between the fluid and the tubes, resulting in a higher temperature transfer between the fluids.
References [1] Nourollahi, A. (2024). ME-495 Laboratory Exercise – Number 4 – Tubular Heat Exchanger. In ME Dept, SDSU – Nourollahi. SDSU Publishing [2] Nourollahi, A. (2024). ME-495 Course Introduction_and Syllabus Spring 2024-1. In ME Dept, SDSU – Nourollahi. SDSU Publishing
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help