Cheat sheet

.docx

School

Pennsylvania State University *

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Course

001

Subject

Medicine

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by DeanCoyote3024

Medical School : Allopathic (MD degree, AMA regulates, focus on diagnosis and treatment), Osteopathic (DO degree, AOA regulates, Osteopaths are taught manipulation, the body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms that are self-healing in nature), AMCAS Processing Fee: $170 (includes one medical school designation) Additional medical school designations: $43 each, Grades, MCAT Scores, Personal Essay, Recommendations, Volunteer, Extracurricular Activities, Examination is 6 hours and 15 minutes long, avg. 511.9, apply to 14 schools, apply, rejection, secondary apply, or interview, accept, reject, or waitlist, Year 1 Basic Sciences: Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, Biochemistry, Year 2 Clinical Sciences: Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Year 3 Clinical Rotations: Medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, Ob/Gyn, Year 4 Clinical Rotations: Neurology, Emergency, Med and Electives. Residency/Fellowship : 3 years :Family Practice, Internal Med, & Pediatrics, 3-4 years :Emergency Med, 4 years :Ob/Gyn, Pathology, Psychiatry, 3 years plus PGY-1 (Internship):Anesthesiology, Derm, Neurology, Ophthalmology, Physical Med & Rehab, 4 years plus PGY-1 (Internship): Radiology, Radiation Oncology, 5 years: General Surgery, Orthopaedic surgery, Otolaryngology, Plastics, 6 years: Neurological Surgery, Accreditation Council for Graduate Med-ical Education (ACGME), $61,200, Work in the hospital, Responsibilities will increase with your years of training, Work as a team, Fellowships: Additional 1-2 years of training to sub specialize in your field, 30,212 residency positions, 9,893 Fellowship positions (32.7%). College 4, Med 4, intern 1, resident 3-6, fellow 1-2. Office Visit Preparation : first appointment of day or after lunch, Patient Arrival and Notification, Radiograph Studies, Examination Room Transition, Vital Signs Measurement: Nursing staff will obtain standard vital signs, including temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, height, and weight. Medical Intake Form Chief Complaint and History, Nursing staff will review past medical history, allergies, and sensitivities. Medication Review, Social and Family History, Appointment Duration Awareness: typically last 20 to 45 minutes, while follow-up visits range from 10 to 20 minutes. What The Specialists Do : Generalists: Family physician, internists (adults), and pediatricians (kids). Cardio: heart Derm: skin Endo: glands Gastro: stomach/digestive tract Neuro: brain and nerves Opthalmo: eyes Pulmo: lungs Path: disease Bone Scan : A bone scan is a nuclear imaging test that helps diagnose and track several types of bone problems. The testing procedure involves injecting a small amount of radioactive dye in the arm. The uptake of the dye will be increased in “hot spots.” Problems such as infections, fractures (not apparent on regular X-rays), and metastatic cancers of the bone will be noted with hot spots and an increase of dye. The test is ordered to help evaluate or diagnose a bone tumor or cancer, an infection of the bone, a fracture, CT Scan : uses radiation to obtain a more detailed view of the body than regular radiographs. CAT scan imaging can be done preoperatively to evaluate a mass or tumor that can assist the surgeon in removal as well as guide an interventional radiologist in obtain-ing a biopsy of an organ or tissue sample. The CAT scan is particularly useful in the evaluation of bone and detecting the presence of a nondisplaced fracture, which may not show on a standard X-ray. MRI : No radiation, metal bad magnetic field and radio waves Soft tissue, brain, and spine imaging Concussion: They are common in collision sports but can also occur in contact sports. Recent studies have shown the overall mean rate of concussions to be 3.78 per 100,000 in youths aged 5–19 years and 0.36 per 100,000 adults, with 75% of concussions diagnosed in this study being in males. Additional studies have evaluated the rate of concussions associated with sports at the high school and collegiate levels. Among the high school population, the incidence rate was found to be highest for football, followed by boys’ lacrosse and girls’ soccer. Collegiate concussion studies have found that football players have an overall mean rate of concussions higher than other sports such as women’s softball, women’s field hockey, and men’s baseball. After a concussion occurs, individuals may or may not lose consciousness and may have difficulty remembering where they are or have other problems with orientation. They can experience a myriad of symptoms, the most commonly reported among athletes following a concussion being headache, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating. Additional symptoms such as blurred vision, slowed processing, balance problems, memory issues, emotional changes, and aversion to light have been reported. Brain Chemicals : Dopamine (Enables learning , motivation and pleasure [Low levels, Lack of motivation, Low energy, Anxiety, Mood swings] [Increase: Meditate, Daily to do list, LTG, Regular Exercise, Create music, art, writing and cooking]), Serotonin (Accepting yourself and others/self- importance [Low levels: Low self-esteem, Anxiety/Depression, OCD, Insomnia][increase: Exercise, Sunlight, Massage, Warm bath, Walk in nature]), Oxytocin (Love hormone with plays a role in bonding, trust and relationships)[Low levels: Isolation, stressed, Low energy/fatigue, Anxiety] [increase: Physical touch, Massage, Exercise, Meditation, Hold a baby, puppy, kitten]), Endorphins (Reduces pain and alleviates anxiety/depression) [Low levels: Depression, Mood swings, Aches and pains, Insomnia][increase: Laughter, Dark chocolate, Spicy foods, Exercise, Meditate]) Medicare/Medicaid Parts (Focus On C): Medicare Part A is hospital insurance that covers inpatient care in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, as well as hospice and some home health care. It's typically premium-free if you or your spouse paid Medicare taxes while working. It's funded by a 2.9% payroll tax, with self-employed individuals responsible for the entire amount. The tax rate increased to 3.8% for high earners in 2013 to fund ACA subsidies. If taxes haven't been paid for 10 years, one can purchase Part A at a monthly premium of up to $411. Medicare uses a prospective payment system to pay hospitals, providing a set amount per episode of care, based on the patient's diagnosis. Hospitals can profit by spending fewer resources but may face penalties for readmissions within 30 days. Medicare Part B is medical insurance that covers physician services, outpatient care, services of physical and occupational therapists, some home health care, and medically necessary supplies. Part B premiums vary by income, with the lowest being $104.90 per month. After meeting the deductible, beneficiaries typically pay 20% of the Medicare-approved amount for most doctor services, including inpatient or outpatient visits, outpatient therapy, and durable medical equipment. Medicare Part C, established by the Budget Act of 1997, allows beneficiaries to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance plans, instead of the Original fee-for-service Medicare payment system. The premiums for these plans vary, and beneficiaries who choose this option have their Part A and Part B costs and services covered by their Part C plan. When choosing a Medicare Advantage plan, beneficiaries should consider factors such as gym memberships, prescription plans, and lower premiums that some plans may offer. However, these plans may have a smaller network, higher deductibles, and lack a nationwide network. Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage to help lower prescription drug costs and protect against higher costs in the future. The monthly premiums for this coverage are based on income. While Medicare Part D has helped lower prescription drug costs, there are concerns over a gap in coverage known as the "donut hole". This gap begins once the enrollee has spent $3,750, during which the patient pays 35% of the cost of brand-name drugs and 44% of the cost of generic drugs until they have paid a total of $5,000 in medication costs. After this point, the catastrophic coverage phase begins, and the patient is responsible for 5% of the cost of their medications. President Trump’s 2018 budget will end the donut hole in 2019, with Medicare Part D enrollees paying a flat 25% of the cost of medications.

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