C206_Task1_KW
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Western Governors University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
C206
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
15
Uploaded by kpwaterman
1
C206 Task 1
Khai Waterman
Western Governors University
Steven Argiento
February 16, 2023
2
C206_Task1_Introduction
For Task 1, I have chosen Nelson Mandela as my non-fictional leader that has exhibited
great leadership based off of equality and justice for everyone. He remained committed to
nonviolence and reconciliation, working tirelessly to bring an end to apartheid and to promote
democracy and human rights in South Africa and around the world.
A1:Two Ethical Traits
Nelson Mandela was widely recognized as a moral and ethical leader who demonstrated
numerous ethical traits throughout his life, but two of the most prominent ones are:
Honesty and Integrity: Mandela was known for his unwavering commitment to honesty
and integrity. He wrote in his autobiography, "I have always believed that honesty is the best
policy and that a man's word is his bond" (Mandela, 1995, p. 38). His commitment to honesty
was demonstrated throughout his life, from his early activism against apartheid to his leadership
as the first democratically elected president of South Africa.
Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Mandela's commitment to forgiveness and reconciliation
is perhaps his most notable ethical trait. He famously said, "As I walked out the door toward the
gate that would lead to my freedom, I knew if I didn't leave my bitterness and hatred behind, I'd
still be in prison" (Mandela, 1994). This commitment to forgiveness was crucial in South Africa's
peaceful transition to democracy and its efforts to reconcile its racially divided past.
Courage and Moral Conviction: Throughout his life, Mandela exhibited great courage
and moral conviction in the face of enormous pressure and adversity. For example, during his
imprisonment on Robben Island, he was offered early release on several occasions in exchange
for renouncing his political beliefs. He refused every time, saying, "Only free men can negotiate;
3
prisoners cannot enter into contracts" (Mandela, 1995, p. 535). This unwavering commitment to
his principles made him a beloved and respected leader not just in South Africa, but around the
world.
Forgiveness: One of the most remarkable things about Mandela's ethical conduct was his
commitment to forgiveness. After spending 27 years in prison for his opposition to apartheid, he
could have easily harbored bitterness and resentment towards his oppressors. However, he chose
to forgive them and to work towards reconciliation and unity in South Africa. He believed that
forgiveness was essential for healing and for building a new and better society. This commitment
to forgiveness was evident in his decision to work with former apartheid leaders to establish a
new democratic government in South Africa, and in his efforts to promote reconciliation and
understanding between different racial and ethnic groups in the country.
Courage: Another ethical trait that Mandela demonstrated throughout his life was
courage. He was a fearless leader who was willing to speak out against injustice and oppression,
even when it meant putting his own life at risk. He was not afraid to challenge the status quo and
to fight for what he believed was right, even in the face of overwhelming opposition. He showed
courage during his time in prison, where he endured harsh conditions and continued to advocate
for human rights and justice. He also showed courage during his presidency, where he made
difficult decisions that were necessary for building a more inclusive and democratic society in
South Africa. His courage inspired many people around the world and continues to be a source of
inspiration for future generations.
A2:Explain how Nelson Mandela has exhibited ethical conduct
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
4
Nelson Mandela exhibited ethical conduct in many ways throughout his life. Some of the
key examples of his ethical conduct include:
Commitment to nonviolence: Mandela was a strong advocate for nonviolence and used
peaceful means to fight against apartheid in South Africa. He believed that violence would only
lead to more violence and that nonviolence was the best way to achieve lasting change. This
commitment to nonviolence was evident in his involvement in the African National Congress,
where he led peaceful protests and civil disobedience campaigns against apartheid. He also
continued to advocate for nonviolence during his presidency, where he worked to promote
reconciliation and healing between different racial and ethnic groups in South Africa.
Emphasis on forgiveness and reconciliation: Mandela was a strong proponent of
forgiveness and reconciliation, and he believed that these were essential for healing the wounds
of apartheid in South Africa. After his release from prison, he worked tirelessly to promote
forgiveness and reconciliation between different racial and ethnic groups in the country. He even
reached out to his former oppressors and worked with them to establish a new democratic
government in South Africa. His commitment to forgiveness and reconciliation helped to heal the
wounds of apartheid and to build a more inclusive and democratic society in South Africa.
Advocacy for human rights: Throughout his life, Mandela was a fierce advocate for
human rights and worked to promote social justice and equality for all people. He fought against
the discriminatory laws of apartheid, which denied basic rights and freedoms to black South
Africans. He also worked to promote gender equality and to fight against the HIV/AIDS
epidemic in South Africa. His advocacy for human rights helped to raise awareness about
important social issues and to promote positive change in South Africa and around the world.
5
Overall, Mandela's ethical conduct was marked by a commitment to nonviolence,
forgiveness, reconciliation, and human rights. His leadership and example continue to inspire
people around the world to work towards a more just and equitable society.
B:Compare the deontological and consequentialist perspectives
For this exercise, we will be discussing the Deontological and Consequentialist
perspectives with this scenario: You are a sales representative for a medical device company that
manufactures artificial joints. Your company has developed an artificial knee joint that is less
expensive than the competition and will dramatically reduce healing time for patients. However,
it is also known to produce a serious and potentially lethal infection in a small percentage of
patients. The company refuses to disclose this potential side effect. You feel you have a duty to
divulge this issue, but you signed a nondisclosure agreement when you were hired and worry
about possible repercussions.
Deontological ethics and consequentialist ethics are two different ethical perspectives that
can be used to approach ethical dilemmas.
Deontological ethics is an ethical theory that emphasizes the inherent rightness or
wrongness of actions, rather than the consequences that result from those actions. This
perspective holds that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the
consequences that result. Deontologists believe that moral principles are absolute and universal,
and that they should be followed regardless of the consequences that may result.
Consequentialist ethics, on the other hand, is an ethical theory that emphasizes the
consequences of actions, rather than the inherent rightness or wrongness of those actions. This
perspective holds that the moral value of an action is determined by the outcomes or
6
consequences that result from that action. Consequentialists believe that the goal of ethics is to
maximize the overall good, and that moral principles should be evaluated based on their ability
to achieve that goal.
In the scenario provided, a deontologist might argue that the sales representative has a
duty to divulge the potential side effect of the artificial knee joint, even if it violates the
nondisclosure agreement. The deontologist would argue that there is an inherent moral obligation
to tell the truth and to act in the best interest of the patients. The sales representative has a duty to
uphold this moral principle, regardless of the consequences that may result from divulging the
information.
A consequentialist, on the other hand, might argue that the moral value of the action
depends on the consequences that result from it. In this case, the consequentialist would evaluate
the potential outcomes of both divulging and not divulging the potential side effect and would
choose the action that maximizes the overall good. If the consequentialist believes that divulging
the potential side effect would prevent harm and maximize the overall good, then they might
argue that it is the right thing to do. However, if the consequentialist believes that divulging the
potential side effect would lead to significant negative consequences, such as patients avoiding
the use of the artificial knee joint altogether, then they might argue that it is not the right thing to
do.
In summary, deontological ethics and consequentialist ethics are two different ethical
perspectives that approach ethical dilemmas in different ways. While a deontologist would argue
that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the consequences, a
consequentialist would evaluate the moral value of an action based on the outcomes or
consequences that result from it. In the scenario provided, a deontologist would argue for
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
7
divulging the potential side effect, while a consequentialist might argue for or against divulging
it based on the potential outcomes.
C:Identify and Explain Cognitive Moral Development
The level of cognitive moral development represented in the scenario for each of the
following questions are:
"Which action would most likely serve the greater good in society?" - Postconventional
level. This question reflects a concern for the welfare of society as a whole and an understanding
of the need to balance the interests of individuals with those of the community. At the
postconventional level, moral reasoning is guided by universal ethical principles and a
commitment to justice, rather than by self-interest or social norms.
"If I reveal this information, will I get into trouble and possibly even lose my job?" -
Conventional level. This question reflects a concern for following rules and avoiding
punishment. At the conventional level, moral reasoning is guided by the expectations of others
and a desire to be seen as a good person who fulfills social roles and meets the expectations of
others.
"Which action best aligns with my long-held belief in the principle of justice?" -
Postconventional level. This question reflects a concern for justice and a commitment to moral
principles that transcend the interests of individuals or groups. At the postconventional level,
moral reasoning is guided by universal ethical principles and a commitment to justice, rather
than by self-interest or social norms.
"What do the laws say, and what would a law-abiding citizen do?" - Conventional level.
This question reflects a concern for following rules and obeying the law. At the conventional
8
level, moral reasoning is guided by the expectations of others and a desire to be seen as a good
person who fulfills social roles and meets the expectations of others.
"If I keep quiet, will I get some sort of reward?" - Preconventional level. This question
reflects a concern for self-interest and a desire to avoid punishment. At the preconventional level,
moral reasoning is guided by self-interest and a concern for avoiding punishment or maximizing
rewards, rather than by concern for others or for universal ethical principles.
D1:Reflect on ELI
The Responsibility Lens is one of four primary ethical lenses in the ELI, which provides
individuals with a framework for understanding their own ethical perspectives and those of
others. According to the ELI, those who prefer the Responsibility Lens prioritize the common
good and the welfare of others and believe that they have a responsibility to contribute to society
and make a positive impact in the world (Ethical Lens Inventory, n.d.). Individuals who prefer
this lens may be guided by principles such as social justice, compassion, and service to others
(Ethical Lens Inventory, n.d.).
The Responsibility Lens emphasizes the importance of social responsibility,
accountability, and community engagement. Those who prefer this lens may believe that ethical
behavior involves taking responsibility for one's actions and being accountable for the impact
those actions have on others (Ethical Lens Inventory, n.d.). They may also feel a sense of
obligation to contribute to society and make a positive difference in the world, often through acts
of charity, volunteerism, or social activism (Ethical Lens Inventory, n.d.).
While the Responsibility Lens can be a powerful ethical perspective, emphasizing the
importance of social responsibility and community engagement, it is important to balance the
9
needs of the community with the needs of the individual. As with any ethical lens, it is important
to consider the potential drawbacks and limitations of this perspective (Ethical Lens Inventory,
n.d.).
D1a:Analyze preferred lens in different settings
The Responsibility Lens is an ethical perspective that emphasizes the importance of
social responsibility, accountability, and community engagement. The lens is based on the belief
that individuals have a responsibility to contribute to society and make a positive impact in the
world. While this perspective may be a preferred ethical lens for some individuals, it may change
in different settings such as work, personal life, and social settings.
In the context of work, the Responsibility Lens may be highly valued as it emphasizes
accountability and the common good. Those who prefer this lens may prioritize ethical behavior
in the workplace and may be more likely to speak up if they perceive unethical practices or
actions within the organization. They may also prioritize community engagement and corporate
social responsibility, and advocate for their organization to take a more active role in contributing
to society. I have run into situations where I have not used the Responsibility Lens as described
in the ELI. As a department and individual contributors, we had major deliverables due on short
notice. In this situation, I had a self-interest to take care of my deliverables first, causing me to
be late on delivering the group deliverables.
In personal life, the Responsibility Lens may manifest in a different way. For example,
individuals who prefer this lens may feel a strong sense of responsibility towards their family
and friends, and may prioritize their needs over their own. They may be active in their local
community, volunteering or donating to charities, and may feel a sense of obligation to make a
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
10
positive impact in the world outside of work. As far as my personal life, this rarely changes. I put
my focus on fulfilling my duties and obligations to my family, friends, and community. I am
accountable for my actions and will seek to promote the common good by behaving ethically and
helping others when I can.
In social settings, the Responsibility Lens may take on yet another form. Individuals who
prefer this lens may prioritize ethical behavior in their interactions with others and may feel a
sense of responsibility towards society at large. They may advocate for social justice causes and
participate in social activism, engaging in activities that promote the common good and work to
create positive social change. Responsibility Lens in my social life is typically followed. Where I
see deviations, is when I have a lack of awareness of my duties. This is typically areas of social
justice where situations require more involvement to resolve or improve the common good.
In summary, the Responsibility Lens is a preferred ethical lens that emphasizes the
importance of social responsibility, accountability, and community engagement. While this lens
may remain consistent across different settings, it may manifest differently based on the context,
with individuals prioritizing ethical behavior in work, personal life, and social settings in
different ways. However, various scenarios could cause me not to use the Responsibility Lens,
including self-interest, lack of awareness and external pressures. Ultimately, the lens provides a
framework for understanding the importance of ethical behavior and the impact that individuals
can have on their communities and the world.
D2:Explain One Primary Value and One Classical Virtue from My ELI
Rationality is a primary value that emphasizes the importance of logic, reason, and
evidence in making decisions and understanding the world. Individuals who prioritize rationality
11
tend to value critical thinking, intellectual curiosity, and a commitment to seeking the truth. They
may also place a high value on scientific inquiry, empirical evidence, and objective reasoning.
Autonomy is a primary value that emphasizes the importance of independence, self-
direction, and personal freedom. Individuals who prioritize autonomy tend to value their own
agency and the ability to make choices for themselves, often placing a high value on individual
rights and liberties. They may also value personal responsibility and accountability for their
actions.
Prudence is a classical virtue that emphasizes the importance of careful and wise
decision-making. Individuals who prioritize prudence tend to value thoughtfulness, practicality,
and a cautious approach to decision-making. They may also value self-control, moderation, and
the ability to anticipate and prevent potential problems or risks.
Taken together, these values and virtues suggest an ethical worldview that places a high
value on thoughtful, evidence-based decision-making that prioritizes individual freedom and
personal responsibility. An individual who embodies these values and virtues may approach
ethical dilemmas by carefully considering all available information and weighing the potential
outcomes before making a decision that aligns with their own values and goals. They may also
prioritize their own agency and personal freedoms, while striving to make choices that align with
a broader sense of responsibility to others and to society as a whole.
D2a: Compare Primary Value and Classical Virtue against Personal Values
Rationality and autonomy are often considered primary values in many ethical systems.
Rationality involves making decisions based on logical reasoning and evidence, while autonomy
12
involves having the freedom and independence to make choices and act on them. These values
are often seen as important for personal growth, self-actualization, and living a fulfilling life.
On the other hand, the personal value of winning may involve a focus on competition,
success, and achieving goals. While winning can bring a sense of accomplishment and
satisfaction, it can also lead to negative consequences such as prioritizing winning over ethical
considerations, fostering a win-at-all-costs mentality, and contributing to a culture of
individualism and self-centeredness.
Similarly, the classical virtue of prudence involves making wise and practical decisions
based on sound judgement and experience, while the personal value of risk-taking may involve a
willingness to take chances and pursue opportunities even if they involve uncertainty and
potential risks. While risk-taking can lead to innovation and growth, it can also lead to negative
consequences such as taking unnecessary risks or engaging in reckless behavior.
In both cases, it is important to find a balance between the value or virtue and the
potential negative consequences. For example, it may be beneficial to prioritize winning or risk-
taking in certain situations, but it is important to consider ethical considerations and weigh the
potential costs and benefits before acting on these values. In the case of rationality and
autonomy, these values can be seen as foundational for making informed decisions that are
consistent with one's values and goals. Ultimately, the key is to approach personal values and
classical virtues with intentionality and mindfulness, seeking to cultivate positive outcomes
while avoiding negative consequences.
D3:Describe Blind Spot-Motove Justifies the Method
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
13
My blind spot from the ELI: the motive justifies the method. It means that individuals
who use the Responsibility Lens to make ethical decisions may believe that their good intentions
justify the means they use to achieve their goals. They may think that because their motives are
pure, any actions they take to accomplish their objectives are acceptable, even if those actions
may harm others.
D3a:Two steps to Mitigate Blind Spot-Motive Justifies the Method
To mitigate and make better ethical decisions in the future when using the Responsibility
Lens and avoiding my Blind Spot: Motive Justifies the Method, I can take the following steps:
I can consider the consequences of my actions: While good intentions are important, it is
essential to consider the potential harm that actions may cause. Individuals should evaluate the
potential impact of their actions on others and the organization before deciding on a course of
action.
I can also seek feedback and input from others: It is helpful to seek the opinions and
feedback of others when making ethical decisions. Individuals can consult with colleagues,
stakeholders, and experts to ensure that their actions align with ethical principles and are in the
best interest of everyone involved.
By taking these steps, individuals can ensure that they are making ethical decisions that
align with the Responsibility Lens and avoid falling into the blind spot of motive justifies the
method.
D4:Ethical Situation at Work
14
The primary value of Rationality and Autonomy in the Ethical Lens Inventory (ELI)
emphasizes the importance of making ethical decisions based on logical reasoning and evidence
while maintaining one's independence and freedom. Individuals who prioritize rationality and
autonomy value critical thinking and careful consideration of the facts and evidence before
making decisions. They also prioritize their individual independence and the freedom to make
choices without undue influence or coercion from others.
The classical virtue of Prudence, on the other hand, involves making wise and practical
decisions based on sound judgement and experience. It emphasizes the importance of
considering the potential consequences of one's actions and taking a cautious and deliberate
approach to decision-making.
These values can be applied in various ethical situations at work. For example, suppose
an individual is faced with a decision that involves balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders,
such as customers, employees, and shareholders. In this case, an individual who prioritizes
rationality and autonomy would take a data-driven approach to decision-making, gathering and
analyzing information from various sources before deciding. They would also be careful to
consider the potential impacts of their decision on each stakeholder group and ensure that they
are making a decision that aligns with their ethical values and priorities.
Similarly, an individual who values prudence would take a cautious and deliberate
approach to the decision, carefully weighing the potential risks and benefits of each option and
considering the long-term implications of their decision. They would also seek input from others,
such as colleagues or trusted advisors, to ensure that they are considering all perspectives and
making the most informed decision possible.
15
Overall, applying the values of rationality and autonomy, as well as the classical virtue of
prudence, can help individuals make ethical decisions that are grounded in careful consideration
of the facts and potential consequences. By taking a thoughtful and deliberate approach to
decision-making, individuals can ensure that they are making choices that align with their ethical
values and priorities, and that have the potential to benefit all stakeholders involved.
References
Mandela, N. (1994). Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little,
Brown and Company.
Mandela, N. (1995). Conversations with Myself. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Ethical Lens Inventory. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://ethicsgame.com/ethical-lens-inventory/
Western Governors University. (2018).
References versus citations
[Video file].
https://wgu.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=85a2cd48-b9a4-44a8-
a364-a8de010fd03b&start=undefined
Western Governors University. (2020).
Need writing support? Start here.
https://cm.wgu.edu/t5/Writing-Center-Knowledge-Base/Need-Writing-Support-gt-
START-HERE-lt/ta-p/25830
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help