Wave Effects_edited (1)

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Dec 6, 2023

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Physics Experiment: Light as a Wave Name: Date: Part 1: Diffraction 1) Go to: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/wave-interference 2) Roll over “SIMULATIONS and click on “Physics” 3) Scroll down to “Waves Interference” and click on it. 4) Click on: 5) Click on: 6) Get familiar with all the controls, make changes, interact with the simulation. 7) Now that you are familiar with the simulation, select the box ; adjust the width and height so you get a tall, narrow opening 8) Select a wavelength near one end of the color spectrum – you choose and then turn on the light 12) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 9) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 10) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? There is a rectangle in the center and there are 4 smaller versions of the rectangle to the left and right of the rectangle. As the smaller rectangles get further from the center rectangle they start fading. 11) Now make the opening short and wide. I picked purple The diffraction pattern is the same shape as the opening but is rotated horizontally and has rounded edges. The diffraction pattern is now a vertical rectangle with smaller rectangles on the top and bottom of the rectangle in the middle. Again, as the smaller rectangles get further from the center rectangle, they start fading.

13) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? 14) Now max out the width and height of the opening 15) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 16) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? 17) Now minimize the width and height of the opening. 18) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 19) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? 20) Now, change the wavelength to the other side of the spectrum. For example, if you chose the red end of the spectrum for the previous steps, move the wavelength slider to the blue end of the spectrum. 21) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 22) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? 23) How does this diffraction pattern compare to the diffraction pattern of the previous color? 24) Now max out the width and height of the opening 25) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 26) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? 27) How does this diffraction pattern compare to the diffraction pattern of the previous color? 28) Now make the opening short and wide. 29) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 30) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? The diffraction pattern is vertical and the same shape as the opening but with round edges. There is a square with soft edges and has smaller squares on each side (left, right, top, and bottom) The diffraction patter is smaller than the opening and looks to be positioned just like the opening. There is a big square with soft edges and smaller squares surrounding each side, slowly fading as they get further from the big square. The diffraction pattern is positioned like the opening and is bigger. Since I picked purple in the previous steps, I now switched to red. The red diffraction pattern is bigger than purple. The diffraction pattern is still the same shape as the opening, but is way bigger This diffraction pattern is bigger compared to the diffraction pattern of purple. There is a square and has smaller squares on each side The diffraction pattern is smaller than the opening but the same shape as the opening with softer edges. Just like before, this diffraction pattern is just a bigger version of the previous pattern There is a vertical rectangle with rounded edges and has 2 smaller versions of it on both top and bottom The diffraction pattern is the same shape as the opening but is rotated vertically.

31) How does this diffraction pattern compare to the diffraction pattern of the previous color? 32) Now make the opening tall and narrow. 33) Describe the diffraction pattern that appears: 34) How is the diffraction pattern oriented, relative to the opening? 35) How does this diffraction pattern compare to the diffraction pattern of the previous color? 36) Explain how this shows light behaves like a wave. 37) Get a screenshot or picture of your setup. The diffraction pattern is a bigger scale of the previous diffraction pattern. There is a horizontal rectangle with a smaller rectangle on the left and right. The diffraction pattern is the same shape as the opening but with rounder edges and is rotated horizontally. Just like before, it is a bigger version of the purple diffraction pattern. Different lights have different wavelengths

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Part 2: Interference 1) Down at the bottom, select 2) Select light 3) Set Amplitude in the middle 4) Turn on: a. Screen b. Intensity 5) Pick a color with the frequency slider and write the color you chose. 6) Turn on only one of the lights . 7) Describe how you can determine the wavelength of the color of light you chose using any or all of the tools and controls in the simulation. 8) Now go figure out the wavelength of the light you chose and write it here________. Be sure 9) Calculate the frequency of the color of light you chose (you may need to check your notes or the textbook to find an equation to use). Write the frequency of the color you chose, here here________. Be sure and put correct units on it! 10) If you changed the Amplitude, set it back to the middle and describe the intensity chart. 11) Now, max out the Amplitude. How did the intensity chart change? 12) Pick a new color with the Frequency slider. After letting the waves propagate across, describe how the intensity chart compares to the previous color. BLUE and put correct units on it! You can determine the wavelength of the color by using the graph and measuring from one wave to the next. 432.9nm 693*10^8 The intensity chart is less than 1/4 away from the start of the chart The intensity chart is now about 1/4 of the way in the chart and is wavy. With a new color the the intensity chart is similar to the previous color

13) Turn on the other light and let the waves propagate across. Describe the intensity chart; how many “bumps” appear and how tall are they compared to the previous intensity chart? 14) Change the Amplitude back to the middle. Describe the intensity chart; how many “bumps” appear and how tall are they compared to the previous intensity chart? 15) Now, max out the separation (4000 nm) and let the waves propagate across. Describe the screen at the right side of the simulation (next to the intensity chart) and the intensity chart. 16) Vary the Amplitude; describe what affect it has on the screen and the intensity chart. 17) Vary Frequency; describe what affect it has on the screen and the intensity chart. 18) What settings can you change in the simulation to change the number of colored lines on the screen? 19) Adjust the settings on the simulation to get the brightest and most lines on the screen. List your settings, here: 20) What causes the alternating dark and colored areas on the screen at the right side of the simulation (next to the intensity chart)? With the other light on, the intensity chart now has less bumps but they are bigger than with one light. There are 3 bumps, when before there were more but small. After lowering the amplitude, there are still 3 bumps but that are shorter than the previous intensity chart. The intensity chart has 7 bumps all similar in size and move slightly. The screen has 7 rays of light. When we lower the amplitude the waves in the intensity chart get smaller and bigger when its higher. On the screen, there are still 7 ray of light but when amplitude is lowered they fade and get brighter when amplitude is increased. With light closer to blue the rays on the screen start increasing in number and there are more bumps on the intensity chart compared to light closer to the red side. When closer to red the screen has less rays and the intensity chart has less bumps. To change the number of colored lines on the screen you have to change the separation Frequency: Blue/purple Amplitude: MAX Separation: 4000 The collision of the two lights cause the alternating dark and colored areas on the screen. 21) Explain how this demonstrates light behaves like a wave. As the two lights meet, we can see their waves meeting and making a pattern.

22) Get a screenshot or picture of your setup.

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Part 3: Slits 1) Down at the bottom, select 2) Select light 3) Turn on: a. Screen b. Intensity 4) Based on your experience in parts one and two of this lab, describe what you expect to happen to the light pattern as you vary the number of slits, the width of the slits, and the separation between the slits. 5) Pick a color to use. What color did you choose? 6) Set Amplitude to maximum. 7) Turn on the light generator. 8) Determine the wavelength and frequency of the color you chose. λ = _____________ (don’t forget to put correct units on your answer) f = _____________ (don’t forget to put correct units on your answer) 9) Set the simulation for 1 slit with a width of 200 nm. Describe what appears on the screen and the intensity chart. 10) What do you expect to happen if you lower the Amplitude? 11) Set Amplitude in the middle. Did it do what you expected it to? We will get more rays on the screen if we increase the separation of the slits. The width of the ray will vary on the width of the slits. we will have one ray with one slit. orange 627.7nm 478*10^8 There is hardly any color on the screen and the intensity chart has a slightly bent line. I think the light will fade even more and the line on the intensity chart will be flatter. Yes, the line in the intensity chart is straight and the screen has little to no color light.

12) DON’T MOVE ANYTHING YET! Notice near the bottom of the simulation the double green arrows . DON’T MOVE ANYTHING YET! Those will move the position of the slit to the left or right. BEFORE MOVING THE SLIT, what do you think will happen to the screen and intensity chart if you move the slit to the left (closer to the light source)? What do you think will happen to the screen and intensity chart if you move the slit to the right (farther from the light source)? 13) Move the slit closer to the light source and describe what you see on the screen and intensity chart. 14) Move the slit farther from the light source and describe what you see on the screen and intensity chart. 15) What changed on the screen and intensity chart when you moved the position of the slit? 16) Put the slit back half-way between the light and the screen. 17) Set the simulation for 2 slits, 200 nm slit width, and slit separation of 1600 nm. 18) Describe what you see on screen and intensity chart. 19) Change the slit width to 400 nm. Describe what you see on screen and intensity chart. 20) Change the slit width to 800 nm. Describe what you see on screen and intensity chart. 21) What changed on the screen and intensity chart as you increased the slit width? I think when we move it closer to the light source we will not have light on the screen and when we move it further well have more light The screen has no color and the intensity chart is still. We have a little light and the chart has one small bump where the slit is. The brightness of the ray on the screen changed and the bump on the chart changed. The screen has rays that are really low and faded and the intensity chart has 3 small bumps. There are 3 rays on the screen that are brighter and 3 bigger bumps on the intensity chart Brighter rays and bigger bumps. Increasing the width got us brighter rays and bigger bumps

22) Change the slit separation to 2400 nm. Describe what you see on screen and intensity chart. 23) Change the slit separation to 3200 nm. Describe what you see on screen and intensity chart. 24) Using the double green arrows, ,move the slit closer to the light source and describe what you see on the screen and intensity chart. 25) Now, move the slit farther from the light source and describe what you see on the screen and intensity chart. 26) What changed on the screen and intensity chart when you moved the position of the slit? your settings, here: 28) Get a screenshot or picture of your setup. We get one skinny ray in the middle and two wider rays on each side on the screen and one small bump with 2 bigger bumps on each side of the small bump. On the screen I see 2 faded and wide rays. The intensity chart has one small bump with 2 bumps on each side leading to a bigger bump. The screen now has 5 rays , 3 skinny and 2 wide. The intensity chart has 3 taller bumps and 2 longer and shorter bumps The screen has 2 really bright rays and the intensity chart has two tall bumps. 27) Adjust the settings on the simulation to get the brightest and most lines on the screen. List When moving the position left (closer to the light) the screen got more not so bright rays and more shorter bumps. Frequency: BLUE Amplitude: MAX Slit: 2 Separation: 3200 width: 900

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Part 4: Summary Explain, in complete sentences, how Young’s Double Slit experiment (diffraction, wave interference, etc.) demonstrates light behaves as a wave. With the slit experiment we can see that light splits into 2 waves to go through each slit. We are shown that each light color travels differently because they have different wave lengths and frequencies.

Wave Effects_edited (1)

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