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Feb 20, 2024

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Literature Review Template Complete the following after finding your four articles. Article 1 APA-formatted reference: Kamlowsky, M. E., Wilder, D. A., Ertel, H., Hodges, A. C., Colon, N., & Domino, L. (2021). Latency-based functional analysis and treatment of elopement. Behavioral Interventions, 36 (2), 329-341. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1002/bin.1781 Dependent Variable The dependent variable in this study is elopement of three clients – Wyatt, Jacob, and Clive. Elopement was defined as any occurrence in which the client crossed the line of division in the therapy room from the area, they started in to the area adjacent from them. Independent Variable Initially a latency based functional analysis was utilized to assess the function of elopement for each Wyatt, Jacob, and Clive. The function of Wyatt’s elopement was determined to be access to tangibles, access to attention, and escape from demands. Therefore, differential reinforcement of alternative behavior plus extinction was implemented for Wyatt across all conditions (access to tangibles, access to attention, and escape from demands). The function of Jacob’s elopement was determined to be access to attention. The intervention that was implemented for Jacob was continuous noncontingent reinforcement plus extinction. Lastly, the function of Clive’s behavior was determined to be escape from demands. The intervention utilized with Clive was differential reinforcement of alternative behavior as well as extinction. Single-Subject Design An ABAB reversal was utilized to assess the effectiveness of varying function-based interventions on elopement. Each client went through a baseline phase, followed by an intervention phase. Then intervention was removed, and they went back into baseline. After the second baseline phase, intervention was implemented a second time to determine whether or not the intervention did in fact have an effect on the behavior. Data Collection Procedure and Interobserver Agreement Method Data was collected on the latency to the initial occurrence of elopement during both baseline and treatment. A timer was used to record the latency and data was logged on the computer. Some sessions were recorded to allow for interobserver agreement (IOA) to be collected at a later time. Data was summarized as the latency in seconds from the start of the session to the first occurrence. Sessions took place in a therapy room with a divider used to create two areas. 1

During the functional analysis conditions IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency 36% of the time with a mean of 96.5%. IOA was collected on Jacob’s latency 58% of the time with a mean of 96.7%. IOA was collected on Clive’s latency 37% of the time with a mean of 100%. During treatment, IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency during the tangible condition 59% of the time with a mean of 100%. IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency during the attention condition 61% of the time with a mean of 100%. IOA was collected on Wyatt’s latency during the escape condition 81% of the time with a mean of 96.8%. IOA was collected on Jacob’s latency 64% of the time with a mean of 100%. IOA was collected on Clive’s latency 50% of the time with a mean of 100%. 2

Validity Internal Validity: At times, a second observer was utilized to assess treatment integrity. Treatment integrity was assessed by collecting data on reinforcement being delivered at the appropriate time. Treatment integrity across Wyatt’s tangible condition occurred 47% of the time with a mean of 100%. Treatment integrity across Wyatt’s attention condition occurred 44% of the time with a mean of 100%. Wyatt’s escape condition occurred 44% of the time with a mean of 100%. Treatment integrity across Jacob’s intervention condition occurred 76% of the time with a mean of 100%. Treatment integrity across Clive’s intervention condition occurred 50% of the time with a mean of 100%. This shows strong internal validity. External Validity: The latency-based FA was modeled after a study done by Traub and Vollmer (2019). The results mirrored the results of Traub and Vollmer (2019) which shows strong external validity for the FA condition. The intervention utilized mirrored a study done by Neidert et al., 2013). The same results were found from that study, showing that function- based interventions determined from a latency-based FA yield positive outcomes. This shows strong external validity within the intervention phases as well. Social Validity: This study did not collect data on social validity, thus limiting its social validity. Conclusions The study found the DRA plus extinction was effective for Wyatt across all three conditions: tangible, attention, and escape. When looking at Jacob’s intervention, the study also found effectiveness in utilizing continuous reinforcement and extinction. The DRA plus extinction used for Clive was found to be highly effective as well. Across all three participates baseline showed a fairly quick latency to elope. During the intervention phases for all three partcipants there was little to no elopement observed and recorded. This study showed DRA plus extinction and NCR plus extinction as effective forms of interventions to decrease elopement. Article 2 APA-formatted reference: Boyle, M. A., Bacon, M. T., Brewer, E. M., Carton, S. M., & Gaskill, L. A. (2020). Evaluating treatment without extinction for elopement maintained by access to stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53 (3), 1531-1541. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1002/jaba.682 Dependent Variable The dependent variable in this study is elopement of Aaron. Elopement was defined as any occurrence in which Aaron moved 1.6m away from the instructor without permission. Independent Variable 3

A latency-based FA was conducted to determine the function of Aarons’ elopement. The function of Aaron’s elopement was determined to be access to engage in stereotypy with doors. During FCT baseline sessions lasted 5 minutes. During intervention sessions, FCT was presented in the form of a vocal model prompt. The target FCT phrase was “can I open the door?” while pointing at the door he wanted to open. Contingent upon Aaron emitting the phrase, the therapist granted him 1 minute to play with the door. A prompt delay procedure was utilized to increase Aaron’s independence when using FCT to make the request. A tolerance training procedure was utilized to teach Aaron that the answer would not always be yes when he was making his request. Aaron was taught through a model to breath and say “ok” when the answer was no. 4

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