Exam Questions 1

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Exam Questions 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. From the scale of “thought determines language” to “language determines thought,” list the following authors in the correct order: Holtgraves & Kashima, Pinker, Rosch, Whorf. thought → language lang influences thought language → thought a) Whorf, Pinker, Rosch, Holtgraves & Kashima b) Whorf + Pinker, Holtgraves & Kashima, Rosch c) Rosch, Holtgraves & Kashima, Whorf, Pinker d) Rosch + Pinker, Holtgraves & Kashima, Whorf (correct answer) 2. In the Nicaraguan school story of the “Words” podcast, what was the difference between the describing abilities of the older deaf generation and the deaf younger generation? a) The older generation tended to describe the events in the story while the younger generation described the feelings. (correct answer) b) The older generation tended to describe the feelings while the younger generation described the events in the story. c) The older generation could NOT relate the color of the wall and the direction of the biscuit together while the younger generation could relate the color of the wall and the direction of the biscuit together. d) The older generation described the story in Spanish while the younger generation described the story in English because the official language of Nicaragua changed from Spanish to English at this time. SHORT ANSWER

1. Sarah conducts a paid experiment and ensures all the conditions are consistent except for the groups to prevent confounds. Sarah randomly assigns the participants into either the experimental group or the control group and examines the participants during the experiment. After the experiment, the participants are given their incentives and are sent home. What is a possible mistake of the described research process? - Possible answers: Sarah does not follow the ethical guidelines and fails to debrief the participants in the research; Sarah does not obtain informed consent of the participants. 2. Describe how gestures relate to human language. - Possible answer: Gestures are the precursor of human language. As humans started using their hands more and could not gesture when their hands were occupied, facial expressions took over, which led to speech. Now, gestures are mainly used for emphasis and talking is the primary method of communication. LONG ESSAY 1. In your observational study, how much of a cultural and/or societal influence did your social finding have? Explain. - Possible answer (Answer will vary): For my observational study that revolved around the hypothesis: females make more eye contact in discussions that involve and influence themselves than in unaffected conversations, I believe that there is a significant cultural influence for eye contact. My participants appeared to look American, at least, evidently not Asian, were fluent in English, and seemed to be knowledgeable about the Western culture. From my past AP psychology class experience, I learned that Asians are less likely to make eye contact than Westerners because unlike in Asian cultures, eye contact is considered as important social etiquette in Western cultures. While Western cultures tend to value eye contact in conversations and interactions because it shows a level of respect and care, Asian cultures find disrespect and shamefulness in direct and longer eye contact. This lack of eye contact in Asian cultures is partially due to the fear of authority or discomfort, especially when talking to older people as most Asian countries place higher ranks to elders. Therefore, based on the researched information, if I conducted this study in an Asian country, the frequency of eye contact would have been significantly lower.

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