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1 Brain Organization Heidi Garcia Master of Social Work, Walden University SOCW 6337: Trauma- Informed Practice, Neurobiology of Trauma Dr. Bullard-Batiste September 15, 2023

2 Identify Key Areas of the Brain and Their Functions The neurons or brain cells that sustain an electrical charge, according to Shapiro & Applegate, 2018. The cell body, which contains the material that controls its metabolism, including DNA, the hundreds of branching appendages called dendrites, which serve to receive signals from other neurons, and the single appendage known as an axon, which serves to transmit signals to other cells, are the three components that make up a neuron. Through certain methods, neurons or brain cells are also linked to neurons that are farther away yet still within proximity to them (Shapiro & Applegate, 2018). According to Shapiro and Applegate (2018), the cerebral cortex creates concepts and mental representations of concepts and perceptions of oneself, others, and the environment. The cerebral cortex is made up of the left and right hemispheres of the brain, which although nearly symmetrical, work differently. The occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe are the four lobes that make up the cerebral cortex. The occipital lobe is in charge of visual processing, or figuring out what it is that we are looking at. It also offers details on how, where, and what we see, as well as the ability to distinguish things that may be moving in the direction of our faces. Memories and feelings are produced and retained in the temporal lobe. The temporal lobe mediates auditory language, comprehension, and memory function (Shapiro & Applegate, 2018). To concentrate our attention on significant aspects of our environment, such as comprehending touch and motor movements, the parietal lobe combines information from our senses (Society for Neuroscience, 2017). Motor activity, language, logical thought, and direct attention are all controlled by the frontal lobe, often known as the executive region of the brain (Shapiro & Applegate, 2018).

3 Describe the Sequential Organization of the Brain & How it Affects Learning & Memory Bottom-up processing would involve a sequence of steps that started with the ingestion of new sensory information, continued with our sensory receptors sending signals to the brain, continued with the brain processing these signals, and ended with the construction of a perception based on the signals that were received (Jandt, 2020). The stimulus that is currently being experienced in one's external environment is the driving force of perception in bottom-up processing, whereas in top-down processing, learning is not necessary and perceptions are solely based on new stimuli from one's current external environment (Gibson, 1972). Adolescent brains pick up addiction more quickly than adult brains do. Drug usage at this point may have negative long-term effects (Shapiro & Applegate, 2018). According to Shapiro and Applegate (2018), the process of long-term potentiation defines the molecular alterations connected to memory stages and is important for comprehending the neurological basis of drug use and addiction. Social workers need to be familiar with the fundamental neurological and chemical processes involved in memory, information, consolidation, storage, and retrieval. Working memory, which maintains many bits of information concurrently and manipulates them as needed, allows for future planning, reasoning, and decision-making (Shapiro & Applegate, 2018). Information is permanently stored in long-term memory. Our ability to organize and pay attention to new stimuli and experiences is facilitated by our long-term memory. Distinct amounts of stress and trauma exposure affect memory and learning. Despite their inability to recall traumatic experiences, people often remember the physical and emotional symptoms that

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4 go along with them. Other abilities may also be harmed when stress and stressful experiences hinder learning and memory (Shapiro & Applegate, 2018). Analyze the Implications for Social Work Practice Related to Trauma Social workers may learn about the issues that their clients are facing throughout the intake phase and boost their participation in efficient, tailored treatment. The approach of trauma-informed practice requires an understanding of the client's history. In the case of Mel, it is evident that she has a history of trauma which she endured as a child and as an adult. Mel turned to methamphetamines as a coping technique to deal with her past traumas and was shown this behavior through her father’s abuse of substances and her boyfriend’s abuse as well. When working with vulnerable groups, it is crucial to be culturally sensitive to comprehend the trauma that clients go through. To build resilience and better mental and physical health, therapies for stress-related diseases aim to mobilize internal and external coping resources that can result in growth, adaptation, and learning (McEwen, 2016). Mel is resistant to therapy based on her previous experiences and due to the large amount of loss in her life- that is probably why she is rejecting help. Developing a relationship with the client will help the therapeutic process and it is extremely important to find the right intervention for Mel so she is aided by developing a trustworthy connection. The symptoms of many chronic illnesses may be particularly well- treated by therapies that focus on the functional connections between the brain and body (McEwen, 2016). For Mel, my first approach would be to get her into an inpatient program for substance use-if she is willing, and then outpatient support groups and therapy would be a step in the right direction. If she is receptive and successful then getting her linked with a therapist that is successful in trauma-focused therapy would help Mel to have a healthy successful future.

5 References Gibson, J. J. (1972). A Theory of Direct Visual Perception. In J. Royce, W. Rozenboom (Eds.). The Psychology of Knowing. New York: Gordon & Breach . Jandt, F. E. (2020). In An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community (10th ed., pp. 68-101). California State University, San Bernardino, California: SAGE Publications. McEwen, B. S. (2016). In pursuit of resilience: stress, epigenetics, and brain plasticity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1373(1), 56-64.https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13020 Shapiro, J. R., & Applegate, J. S. (2018). Neurobiology for clinical social work: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Co.

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