Proposal 3- Literature Review and Annotated outline

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Nyamekye Artis 1 Literature Review Anti-abortion laws have been a contentious issue in the United States and other parts of the world. These laws, which restrict access to abortion services, have the potential to affect various aspects of society, including the foster care system, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and the likelihood of criminal behavior in adulthood. Anti-abortion laws can undoubtedly have far- reaching effects, including the ability to increase the number of children in foster care and, as a result, the risk of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and criminal behavior as an adult. People who encounter difficult circumstances or are unprepared for parenthood may be more likely to carry their pregnancies to term when anti-abortion legislation restricts access to abortion services. As a result, the foster care system may become overburdened as parents struggle to care for their children adequately because of a variety of circumstances, such as financial instability, a lack of social support, or personal difficulties. As a result, more children could be placed in foster care, thereby putting them in danger of experiencing ACEs and unstable home circumstances, which could lead to criminal behavior as an adult. To allocate the connection between anti-abortion laws and foster care placements, researchers continuously perform longitudinal studies to identify the relationship between foster care, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and criminal behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential effects of anti-abortion laws in effect, particularly their contribution to the rise in foster children, and to investigate the relationship between foster care experiences, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior as an adult. Research of existing literature confirms a correlation between anti-abortion laws and the rise of children in foster care has plenty of longitudinal studies. About 424,000 children in foster care on any given day already face shortages

Nyamekye Artis 2 of placements, low high school graduation rates, and disproportionately high rates of incarceration and homelessness (Contreras, R., 2022). The number of children in the United States foster care system has increased from 272,000 in 1962 to 513,131 in 2005 (Sutherland, S., 2008). After the Dobbs verdict, 24 states are in the process of banning or heavily restricting abortion access, and these laws will hit hardest for low-income families and young, single, or Black parents, who are less able to travel to access abortion care (Dixon-Lunenburg, M., 2023). People seeking abortions are often poor: three-quarters of people seeking abortions have incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level. Nearly 1 in every 4 women who gave birth between 2015 and 2020 in the 13 states with pending or active post-Roe vs. Wade abortion restrictions, lives below the poverty line (McLaughlin, N.,2022). There is a false notion that abortion will prevent unwanted children from entering the foster care system – that more children will come into foster care because of the overturn of Roe (Carter, D.,2023). Experts also say anti-abortion legislation shows negative effects on the foster care system (Castrellon, A.J., & Hoover, S., 2022). Children in foster care are pronounced to experience adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Adverse childhood experiences are a major factor in children within the foster care system. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have powerful consequences for health and well- being throughout the life course (Finch, B., & Williams, K., 2019). The majority of children enter foster care because they have suffered abuse or neglect (Mcwey, L., Cui, M., & Pazdera, A., 2010). In addition to the troubling family circumstances that bring them into self-care, they face additional difficulties within the child welfare system that may further compromise their healthy development (Harden, B., 2004). When those childhood experiences are traumatic, the child may have lifelong consequences (Jeske, J., & Klas, M., 2016). Researchers suggest that children entering the foster care system are already vulnerable and at risk of experiencing ACEs during foster care and

Nyamekye Artis 3 psychological distress during adulthood (Buksas, D., & Tessin, D. H., 2013) Emerging science has discovered that a child’s brain has physiological changes when exposed to traumatic events, and as a result of these changes, they may have developed maladaptive behavior and have difficulties controlling impulses (Duran, L.,2019). Previous research has found that children with ACEs from foster care led to criminal behavior in adulthood. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation prevalence between foster care, ACEs, and criminal behavior. The research literature reviews find mixed correlations to criminal behavior in foster children. According to Stevens (1996) finds questionnaire survey positively correlated with ACEs and criminal behavior in adulthood leading to the conclusion that a strong relationship existed between the most serious violent offenders and frightening parental fighting experiences from childhood. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) shows that having adverse childhood experiences could result in physical violence in relationships. Twelve childhood adversities were assessed in the NCS-R which included parental divorce, foster care, juvenile, parent mental illness, physical abuse, sexual abuse, etc. which resulted in physical violence within the relationship. (Miller, E., Breslau, J., Chung, W-J., Green, J.G., Mclaughlin, K.A., & Kessler, R. C., 2011). A systematic database that searched different databases assessing the association between ACEs and justice system contact conducted in the United States finds that ACEs are positively associated with juvenile justice system contact in a dose-response fashion. (Graf, G. H., Chihuri, S., Blow, M., & Li, G., 2021). A quantitative causal- comparative study found that children placed in foster care, compared to their counterparts, were more likely to experience parental divorce or separation, parental death, parental incarceration, parental abuse, violence exposure, household member mental illness, and household member substance abuse. These children were also more likely to experience ACEs than children across

Nyamekye Artis 4 different thresholds of socioeconomic disadvantage and across different family structures (Turney, K., & Wilderman, C., 2017). Sources of data have provided enough information on the topic of anti-abortion laws, foster care, and ACEs. These topics were relevant in understanding that adverse childhood experiences cause criminal behavior in adulthood. The strengths of this research provide a comprehensive understanding of ACES and its relation to criminal behavior in adulthood. The weakness of this research is that it may not account for all possible confounding variables that could impact foster care placements, ACEs, and criminal behavior. What is missing from the literature research is the role of mediating factors, such as social support systems, economic conditions, and access to mental health services, in the relationship between anti-abortion laws, foster care placements, ACEs, and criminal behavior. The purpose of this research is to gain knowledge and understanding of the topic by answering the research question. “With the anti-abortion laws in effect, it could increase the number of children in foster care, which could lead to adverse childhood experiences and more likely cause criminal behavior in adulthood? ” Prior literature suggests that there is a correlation between childhood adversity and criminal behavior in adulthood, however to what extent in which anti-abortion laws directly cause criminal behavior? This study will pursue answers by using various research such as dependent and independent variables, questionnaire surveys, quantitative causal-comparative studies, and The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). This study will also use variables including questionnaire surveys, longitudinal studies, and systematic data with race and background being a structure. This study will use methodologies such as questionnaire surveys, quantitative causal-comparative studies, systematic databases, and national longitudinal studies that answer if there is a correlation between anti-abortion laws and criminal behavior.

Nyamekye Artis 5 References CONTRERAS, R. (2022). Post-roe abortion access could overwhelm U.S. foster care systems - AXIOS . The end of Roe v. Wade may overwhelm foster care systems. https://www.axios.com/2022/07/05/roe-wade-abortion-foster-care-children Sarah, S. (2008). Undue burdens: The effect of abortion restrictions on ... – Duke University . Undue Burdens: The Effect of Abortion Restrictions on Foster Case Entry Rates. https://sites.duke.edu/djepapers/files/2016/11/Sutherland.pdf Dixon-Luinenburg, M. (2023 ). How abortion bans will strain an already failing foster system . https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/7/9/23786276/foster-care-adoption- system-poverty-neglect-dobbs-abortion Mclaughlin, N. (2023). Abortion bans and the Foster Care System . Abortion bans and the foster care system. https://plummeryouthpromise.org/abortion-rights-and-the-foster-care- system/ Carter, D. (2023). “Unwanted” Children, Foster Care, and abortion - Focus on the family . https://www.focusonthefamily.com/pro-life/unwanted-children-foster-care-and- abortion/ Castrellon, A.-J., & Hoover, S. (2022). How could the overturning of Roe v. Wade Impact the North Carolina Foster Care System? – The Fayetteville Observer https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2022/07/06/roe-v-wade-ruling-how-its- overturn-could-impact-north-carolina-foster-care-system/7770314001/

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