Basics Refresher Exercises (1)

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Name: Basics Refresher Exercises I. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following research projects. A. A study seeks to find out if listening to heavy metal music causes teenagers to become more violent than their peers who do not listen to heavy metal music. IV: Listening/ not listening to heavy metal music DV: Level of violence (Teenagers becoming more violent) B. Researchers are interested in examining the effects of long-term poverty. They do this by studying subjects’ physiological health and attachment to the workforce. IV:. Length of time in poverty (Effects of long-term poverty) DV: Physiological health and attachment to the workforce. C. A study finds that self-esteem increases as a consequence of receiving good grades on examinations. IV: Grades on an exam (Receiving good grades on examinations). DV: Level of Self-esteem (Self-esteem increases as a consequence) II. List TWO null and alternative hypotheses that address the research question. A. What environmental conditions influence crime? Note: environmental factors are any factors outside of the individual (population density, social disorganization, unemployment, etc. ** Null hypothesis states no difference. The alternative Hypothesis states that there is a difference** H O1 : There is no relationship between environmental conditions and crime. H A1 : Environmental conditions have an influence on crime. H O2 : There is no relationship between unstable neighborhoods and crime. H A2 : Unstable neighborhood conditions increase the likelihood of crime increases. **Extra: H O3 : There is no relationship between hot environmental conditions and crime. H A3 : Hot environmental conditions increase the likelihood of crime increases.

III. For each of the hypotheses you created in Section II., identify your independent, dependent, and any control variables. Hypothesis 1: (DV) Crime, (IV) Environmental Conditions, (Control) Any outside factor Hypothesis 2: (DV) Crime. (IV) Unstable neighborhood conditions (Control) Any abnormal event Extra: Hypothesis 3: (DV)Crime, (IV) Temperature (Hot environmental conditions), (Control) Change in Climate. IV. Answer the questions at the end of each passage. A. Researchers have found a consistent relationship between schools and crime. More crime occurs in neighborhoods surrounding high schools and junior highs than in neighborhoods far away from schools. The researchers conclude that schools cause crime and believe that this relationship may have something to do with teachers not teaching students the appropriate lessons in the classroom. On the basis of these data, do you find this argument compelling? Why or why not? If not, what could explain this relationship? I believe that this argument relies only on the observation of the research that concludes that school causes crime. The data that was included here in this passage is that they believe this relationship has to do with teachers not teaching in the classroom. In my opinion (since no other data was included, just what was concluded from the research) I don’t find this argument to be compelling. For this passage to be compelling supportive evidence must be provided, which they failed to do. In addition, I don’t believe that this is the teacher’s fault and that they are lacking the appropriate lesson in the classroom for crime to occur in neighborhoods surrounding high and junior highs. Parents and the environment could also be a cause for this issue. For instance, I live in a school zone, where I have junior and high schools close by, and my neighbor has a low crime rate. Education is as important as the surroundings are. In other words, there is no strong evidence that shows the relationship between teaching curriculum and crime and how this can be true. B. The U.S. Department of Justice has found that of the children killed by their parents, 55% of the murders were performed by the child’s mother and 45% of the murders were performed by the child’s father. A researcher uses the data to support his contention that women are more violent than men. On the basis of these data, do you find this argument compelling? Why or why not? If not, what could explain this relationship? Although this argument might seem compelling because it shows that it was based on research and facts about the total amount of children that were killed by their parents, I do not find it to be compelling because I believe that it lacks evidence as to what examples were used. We have no way of seeing what amount of population was used. In other words, what amount of population was

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