Sociology chapt 2 study guide answers

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1.Basic Research refers to the primary goal is to describe some aspect of society and advance our understanding of it. 2. Applied research refers to the primary goal is to directly address some problem or need. 3. Public sociology refers to the efforts to reach beyond an academic audience to make the results of sociological research, both basic and applied, known to the broader public, including the use of mass media. *4. The Scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the world based on empirical evidence. 5. Empirical evidence refers to evidence that can be observed or documented using the human senses. 6. Quantitative data are evidence that can be summarized numerically. 7. Variables are measures representing items that can change (or vary) and thus have different values. 8. Operationalize refers to defining the variables clearly so that they can be measured. 9. Independent variables are associated with and/or cause change in the value of the dependent variable.

10. Dependent variable change in response to the independent variable. 11. A Correlation is a relationship in which change in one variable is connected to change in another. 12. A hypothesis is a statement about the relationship between variables that is to be investigated. 13. Qualitative data refers to any kind of evidence that is not numerical in nature, including evidence gathered from interviews, direct observation, and written or visual documents. 14. Transparency refers to the requirement that researchers explain how they collected and analyzed their evidence and how they reached their conclusions. 15. Provisional knowledge refers to truth claims that are tentative and open to revision in the face of new evidence. 16. The Hawthorne effect refers to the tendency of humans to react differently than they otherwise would when they know they are in a study. *17. Social theory is a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena. 18. Research methods are procedures for collecting and analyzing data.

19. Survey is a data collection technique that involves asking someone a series of questions. *20. Validity refers to a survey’s ability to successfully measure what researchers intend it to measure. *21. Reliability refers to a measure’s ability to yield consistent results over time. *22. Population refers to the target group that a researcher is interested in studying. 23. Sample is a part of the population that represents the whole. 24. In a Random sample every element of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. 25. To Generalize refers to describing patterns of behavior of a larger population, based on findings from a sample. *26. In a Convenience sample , researchers choose study participants based on the fact that it is convenient for the researcher. *27. In a Quota sample , the researcher tries to achieve a generalizable sample by making sure various groups within the target population are present in representative proportions.

28. An Intensive interview is a data gathering technique that uses open-ended questions during somewhat lengthy face-to-face sessions. 29. Field research is a data collection technique in which the researcher systematically observes some aspect of social life in its natural setting. *30. Participant observation is a type of field research in which the researcher both observes and actively takes part in the setting or community being studied. *31. Primary research is a type of research in which data is created by the scientists themselves through direct observation or experiments. 32. Secondary data anyalysis is a type of research using data previously collected by other researchers. 33. Content analysis is a variety of techniques that enable researchers to systematically summarize and analyze the content of various forms of communication—written, spoken, or pictorial. *34. Case study analysis is defined as a thorough investigation of a single topic or event. 35. An Experiment is a data gathering technique in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable under controlled conditions to determine if change in an independent variable produces change in a dependent variable, thereby establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

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