Sociology chap 1 study guide answers

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1. Sociology is defined as the systematic study of the relationship between individuals and groups within society. 2. A sociological perspective is to see and understand the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live. *NOTE: Questions 3 through 7 focus on other social sciences besides sociology: Anthropology / Economics / History / Political Science / Psychology 3. Anthropology refers to the study of culture, focus on the “primitive.” 4. Psychology refers to the study of development / function of mental-emotional processes. 5. Economics refers to the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. 6. Political science refers to the study of organization, administration of government. 7. History refers to the study of past events. --------- 8. Modernity refers to a period in human history that was characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy. 9. Science uses logic and the systematic collection of evidence to support its claims about the world.

*10. The enlightenment was an intellectual movement that combined a belief in individual freedom and respect for individual rights with the logic of the natural sciences. 11. Industrialization refers to the use of large-scale machinery for the mass manufacture of consumer goods. 12. Urbanization refers to the growth of cities. 13. Positivism refers to a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific method; based upon “positive” facts as opposed to mere speculation. *14. Capitalism refers to a system in which ownership of the major means of production (e.g., factories, utilities, railways) is in private hands and entities in order to pursue profits. *15. Socialism refers to a system in which ownership of the major means of production (e.g., factories, utilities, railways) is in public hands and government in order to provide for the collective welfare of a larger society on a more equitable basis. 16. Social solidarity refers to the collective bonds that connect individuals in society. 17. Division of labor refers to where people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills in order to produce more goods. 18. Collective conscience refers to the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community as well as wider society.

19. Anomie refers to a state of chaotic social norm-less-ness without moral guidance or ethical standards. 20. Rationalization of society refers to the long-term historical process by which rationality replaced tradition as the basis for organizing social and economic life. 21. Social theory is a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena. 22. Micro level analysis theories focuses on small scale, usually face-to-face, social interactions. 23. Macro level analysis theories focuses on large-scale social systems and processes, such as the economy, politics, and population trends. 24. Meso level analysis theories focuses somewhere between very large and very small social phenomenon, such as organizations and companies. 25. Structural functionalist theories focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in social life, emphasizing how the different parts of a society contribute to its overall operation. 26. Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of social phenomena. 27. Latent functions are the largely unrecognized and unintended consequences of social phenomena. 28. Dysfunctional functions inhibit or disrupt the working of a system as a whole.

29. Conflict theories are social theories that focus on issues of contention, power, and inequality, highlighting the competition for scarce resources. 30. Symbolic interactionist theories are theories that focus on how society emerges from people’s use of shared symbols in the course of their everyday interactions. *31. Verstehen German word for “deep understanding,” in which the researcher tries to understand action from the perspective of the actor (emphasizing the subjective rather than objectivity). 32. Culture is the collection of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by a people and socially transmitted from generation to generation. 33. Structure refers to the recurring patterns of behavior in social life. 34. Power is the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others. *35. Inequality refers to the systematic and unequal distribution of resources among various groups of people. 36. Post modernity is a historical period beginning in the mid-twentieth century characterized by the rise of information-based economies and the fragmentation of political beliefs and ways of knowing. Questions 37-40 are multiple-choice: Designate your selection with a letter (e.g., A, B), highlight or CAPITALIZE your choice: 37. Sociology is the systematic study of the relationship: a) Between individuals and groups with the natural world

b) Between individuals and groups within human society 38. The sociological perspective is to see and understand: a) Connections between individuals and broader social contexts b) The lack of connections between individuals and the world 39. According to C. Wright Mills: a) Larger forces in society (history) depends in part upon our individual condition (biography) b) Our individual condition (biography) depends in part upon larger forces in society (history) 40. Sociologists suggest that in relying on commonsense folk wisdom in making sense of the world, one likely will find: a) Consensus grounded in the scientific method b) Contradictory claims made by various claimants Questions 41-46 are MATCHING utilizing the posted terms. Fill-in your choice for each: MATCH the term by filling in the blank next to the correct definition: Anthropology / Economics / History / Political Science / Psychology / Sociology 41. Anthropology- Study of culture, focus on the “primitive” 42. History- Study of past events 43. Political science - Study of organization / administration of government 44. Psychology- Study of people’s mental-emotional processes

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