COMM week 7 & Week 8

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Ohio State University *

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3415

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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1. What is domestic abuse? List the types or forms of domestic abuse. Domestic abuse is a form of violence characterized by coercive and controlling behavior that puts a life- threatening risk. It can happen to anyone regardless of gender, race, age, religion, social class, etc. There are five types of domestic abuse: physical, emotional, economic, stalking and harassment, and sexual (often referred to as rape). 2. Why are members of the general population more likely to be convicted of sexual assault than college/professional athletes? The reason why members of the general population are more likely to be convicted of sexual assault than college/professional athletes is primarily due to the allure of celebrity and masculinity, which often clouds judgment and fosters disbelief. Consequently, it becomes challenging for the media or people to believe allegations unless there is an image or video evidence provided. 3. Why do we rarely hear the word “rape” used by the media when discussing sexual assault cases in sports? I think the term “rape” is considered too harsh for sports media coverage. The media often try to portray a positive image to its audience, even when addressing negative incidents. Thus, they may opt for softer language such as “sexual harassment” or “violence” to frame the discussion more positively. This strategy aims to maintain audience engagement while mitigating discomfort or controversy associated with the word rape in sports coverage. 4, The article “Media Often Distort Domestic Violence” in The Guardian argues that media reporting of domestic violence against women is inadequate and misleading. What are the 5 guidelines the article offers to journalists -- and to the media more generally -- to report more effectively on violence against women? In the article, it provides some useful information to help report more effectively. These include: “Use correct language and terminology; Avoid blaming the victim; Avoid offering excuses for men’s violence; Consider how source selection shapes the story; Provide women with information on where to seek help” (The Guardian). All these guidelines aim to promote responsible and accurate reporting, dispel myths, and reinforce information about the true nature and extent of violence against women. 5. Who is Brock Turner? Do you think Brock’s race, enrollment at an elite college, and sport impacted the way the media framed his criminal case? Explain your reasoning. Brock Turner is a white student athlete at Stanford University. This week's materials revealed that white male athletes are often excused for their crimes. Additionally, his enrollment at an elite college and affluent background likely influenced the media's portrayal of his case. These factors contributed to a softer framing by sports media, often disregarding the victim's perspective and the impact of his actions. It exemplifies how white privilege can significantly sway public perception and media coverage.

1. In the lecture, you watched videos featuring Ryan O’Callaghan, a former NFL offensive lineman. Describe his perception of how football was able to hide his sexuality. In Ryan O’Callaghan’s perception, football represents masculinity. By committing himself to the sport, he could avoid questions about his sexual orientation. Because of the general assumption that football is primarily played by heterosexual men, Ryan strategically used this perception to cover up his sexuality. By spending time himself in football, he found safety from attention about his personal life, using the sport as a shield against questions and assumptions about his identity. 2. Anderson (2011) argues that sports has contributed to ‘hegemonic masculinity’ within society, a form of ‘training in masculinity’. How does O'Callaghan's story support or contradict their explanation of the socialization of masculinity and homophobia among males? In Anderson (2011), he talked about how sports can reinforce "hegemonic masculinity." This means sports can influence boys and men to act in ways that are seen as traditionally masculine. Playing sports is like training to be masculine, but it can also make it hard for people who are different, including those who are gay. O'Callaghan's story shows something different from one another. He was in the NFL and openly talked about hiding that he was gay while playing a sport identified for being very masculine. His story shows that not all male athletes follow the same masculine standards. Even in sports, there are different experiences and identities for male athletes. 3. In high school, college, and the NFL, what behaviors did O'Callaghan exhibit in an attempt to disguise his sexuality? In the video, O’Callaghan said he tried to gain some weight so girls would not want to date him and people would not find him attractive. Even though he knew he was gay in high school, he still acted like a straight guy who loved to bully people. He would even say and do homophobic things just to cover up his insecurity and struggle with being gay in the closet. During his college years, if people asked about his girlfriend, he would lie and say he had a girlfriend back home. In his early NFL career, he didn’t come out and continued to act like a straight man, as expected in the NFL, except for having a girlfriend. 4. Does being gay and a former NFL player help O'Callaghan change the image and narrative of football players? Does this make it easier or more difficult for future NFL players to come out? Why? In my personal view, O’Callaghan came out as an NFL player to set a positive example for others in the NFL who may also want to come out. O’Callaghan did not mention many negative impacts after coming out. He stated that his NFL career did not face significant discrimination or Page 2

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