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In Class Assignment: Applying Family Development Theory 1. What assumptions and key terms from a family development theory perspective do you see in this article? Family life stages, gender differences, roles and role transitions, work-family interfaces, and the timing of life events. 2. What are the two hypotheses driving this study? (p. 1372) Hypothesis 1: Men and women will experience differences in work-family dynamics at various family life stages. These differences will follow a pattern where responsibilities increase during early family stages, then decrease as children become independent. Gender gaps will be smallest before parenthood, peak during early parenthood, and decrease as children leave home. Hypothesis 2: The influence of work and family responsibilities on work-family balance will vary for men and women across different family life stages. During early parenthood, work demands will impact men's work-family conflict more, while family responsibilities will affect women's family-work balance more. 3. How do these reflect family development theory? Family development theory rests on the assumption that families undergo predictable stages of growth and change over time. Both of these hypotheses address the idea that work-family variables will differ across various family life stages and that the balance of work and family evolves. They also both discuss how gender roles and responsibilities are impacted by and impact family-work balance. Hypothesis 1 in particular addresses expansion and contraction. 4. What does related research say about work-family dynamics in the various stages of family development (transition to parenthood, pre-school age, school-age, adolescent, empty nest) p. 1367-1371 Transition to parenthood: Parenthood drastically impacts work-family dynamics for both men and women, with women taking on more family care obligations and men focusing on their job roles. The move to motherhood frequently causes difficulties in marital quality when disagreements over household labor and childcare occur. Job flexibility and work-family programs are critical for new parents, particularly mothers with young children, to effectively manage their responsibilities. Pre-school age: Mothers with small children frequently experience higher levels of work- family conflict due to caregiving responsibilities, whereas fathers' conflict reports are

unaffected by their children's ages. Flexible work arrangements were effective in minimizing work-family conflict for both men and women. School-age: While caregiving responsibilities are lower than those for preschool-aged children, issues do still exist. Balancing work and family commitments can feel like a "juggling act" for working parents with school-aged children, especially when it comes to finding adequate child care arrangements. Despite lower caregiving obligations, mothers with school-aged children may have greater rates of family-work conflict due to the challenges of juggling work and family duties, but they may have acquired techniques to compartmentalize professional stress, resulting in decreased work-family spillover compared to workers without children. Adolescent: At this stage, there is a reduction in conflict at the work-family interface for both men and women compared to previous phases, with family life serving as a shelter from work constraints as children become more independent. While women in the teenage child stage report less work-family and family-work spillover than in other stages, concerns about adolescents may cause more conflict, particularly among men. Empty Nest: Older workers face higher family role obligations, such as caring for elderly parents or grandkids. While women are more likely to assume caregiving obligations, both men and women caregivers may face family-work conflict. Flexibility in the workplace is critical for mature professionals, who choose flexible work options to balance meaningful work with less hours and responsibilities, potentially minimizing work-family conflict in later stages of life. 5. What gender differences by family life stage in the work-family interface were noted? (p. 1382) During parenthood, women are primarily responsible for household and childcare tasks, whilst males are more focused on work and earning income. Gender inequalities in workplace hours are especially noticeable among parents with young children or teenagers, with males working much longer hours. Also, women frequently report higher levels of work-family conflict, especially when they have preschool or elementary school-aged children, and they devote more time to household duties during these life phases. Flexible workplace policies are more effective at reducing negative spillover for men at all stages of family life, although lower work hours may benefit women, particularly mature workers. 6. So What? What does all of this mean? Implications (p. 1384 &1386) The study found that having young children at home was the main factor leading to gender differences in the work-family interface, particularly during stages when children require substantial time and economic resources from their parents. Despite social advances toward gender equality, gender still had a great impact on job and family roles,

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