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Tucker, C. M. (2011). Theories of food and social meaning of coffee. In Coffee culture: Local experiences, global connections (pp. 11-17). - Coffeehouses, which help to meet human needs for social interaction and a sense of community. (Tucker, 2011, p.11) - They encompass contrasting knowledge, perceptions, and preferences” (Tucker, 2011, p.12) - Moreover, ideas and meanings are subject to negotiation and contestations as different classes in society interact and attempt to advance their interests and values” (Tucker, 2011, p.12) - Different social meanings map consistently to different types of food preparation (Tucker, 2011, p.16) - Research surveys indeed reveal that consumers with higher incomes drink specialty coffees more frequently than lower-income consumers (Tucker, 2011, p.16) Wright, W. & Ransom, E. (2005). Stratification on the menu: Using restaurant menus to examine social class. Teaching Sociology, 33(3), 310-316 - French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1984) to understand the role that food habits, taste, and desire play in creating class distinctions. (Wright and Ransom, 2005, p.310) - Upper-class clientele when they identified the presence of higher-than- average entrée prices ($15 to $25 entrées), exotic ingredients, foreign languages, or specialized technical knowledge, such as sauces or cooking techniques (e.g., fusion cuisine or reduction sauce). (Wright and Ransom, 2005, p.313) - mid-range prices ($7 to $14 entrées) as middle-class. (Wright and Ransom, 2005, p.313) - popularized food items that have become common fare in many restaurants (Wright and Ransom, 2005, p.313) - Language along with basic, nondescript typesetting style also tended to denote working- or lower-class menus. (Wright and Ransom, 2005, p.313) Pozos-Brewer, R. (2015). Coffee shops: Exploring urban sociability and social class in the intersection of public private space. Student Thesis in Sociology and Anthropology, Swarthmore College, USA. - provide spaces for free social interaction. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 67) - As Emma Felton (2012) states, "Cafe culture is emblematic of social and urban change, of the rise of food culture and industries, and 'aesthetic' cultures." (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 67)

- the coffee shop facilitates an informal atmosphere conducive to conversation, (Pozos- Brewer, 2015, p. 68) - Meeting up with friends is probably the second most common use of the coffee shop, depending on location. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 70) - one of the stereotypes of university students is that they like to work in cafes (Pozos- Brewer, 2015, p. 70) - Just as students sometimes want to escape from the libraries, some professionals also want to get out of the work place (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 70) - Location and environment also affect how frequently a coffee shop is used for interviews and dates. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 71) - These patrons create private spheres for themselves and can act as if they are alone, provided that they follow coffee shop etiquette (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 72) - The way the coffee shop smells, sounds, and arranges furniture helps to create a specific environment. Lisa Waxman (2006:35) found that the top five design elements that made a coffee shop appealing for patrons were: "cleanliness, appealing aroma, adequate lighting, comfortable furniture, and a view to the outside." (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 73) - Additionally, the feeling of security in the coffee shop is enhanced by the knowledge that everyone is watching out for each other and being watched. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 75) - The sobriety of coffee shops adds to their trustworthiness and makes them safer social spaces as well (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 75) - We can see a certain middle class habitus manifested in the ways in which people negotiate the coffee shop, for example, dressing in nice jeans, expecting to be waited on by the baristas and being allowed to walk in unquestioned and stay for as long as they want. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 77) - Being respectful to the staff and other patrons is also of primary importance. (Pozos- Brewer, 2015, p. 79) - Sound is carefully managed in coffee shops so as to create a friendly environment. (Pozos- Brewer, 2015, p. 81) - High prices for food and drinks make entering the coffee shops prohibitive for people with lower discretionary income. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 84) - it is filled with implications about the social class status ofthe patrons and the demographics ofthe neighborhood. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 85) - It is a place where the lines between the public realm and private life are blurred creating a flexible space that at the same time is subject to the rules ofthe owners and social norms. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 86) - The regulars are customers who come frequently to an establishment and help determine its social character. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 92) - The atmosphere of a coffee shop can vary a lot depending on the decor, the music selection, and what kinds of activities people are doing in it. (Pozos-Brewer, 2015, p. 93)

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