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Law 12: Immigration and Human Rights Multiculturalism: The preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society, as a state or nation. Chinese Head Tax: The Chinese Head Tax was a fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada between 1885-1923. - 1885, $50, 1900, $100, 1903, $500 - Canadians felt that their jobs were getting taken away - Chinese faced small wages, discrimination, dangerous jobs Chinese Exclusion Act: The Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by Parliament of Canada in 1923, banned Chinese immigration to Canada. Interment: The imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. Under the war measures act, a group branded ‘enemy aliens’ are arrested and detained indefinitely during time of war. Points System – a method for evaluating potential immigrants using points for desirable characteristics (e.g.: education, investment in business) 1. Describe the immigration system in Canada prior to 1976? What groups were excluded from immigrating to Canada? Why? Assimilation was the guiding principle of historical immigration attitudes in Canada prior to 1976. The priority was given to those groups who were considered able to easily adapt to British or French cultural attitudes, languages, and traditions. The government passed increasingly selective immigration policies targeting Asian immigrants after the construction of the CPR in 1885 (which was achieved by a lot of Chinese). Canadians thought immigrants from Asia were “stealing” jobs from them. 2. How did the point system change Canadian immigration after 1976? The point system changed Canadian immigration after 1976 as it now looked at an applicant’s education, skills, personal qualities such as resourcefulness and motivation, and occupational demand, This was a promotion of Canada’s demographic, economical, social, and cultural goals. This encouraged family reunions, diversity, and non-discrimination. A multicultural society emerged as there was a large amount of non-European immigrants. 3. How did the policy of multiculturalism alter Canadian society? The policy of multiculturalism altered Canadian society by introducing anti-discrimination programs that are designed to help remove social and cultural barriers separating minority and majority groups in Canada. Citizens are allowed to practice their religions and maintain their identities without fear of persecution under the multiculturalism policy. This was a significant shift in the way that the Canadian government approached the treatment of minorities. 4. How were Ukrainian Canadians and Japanese Canadians the victims of wartime discrimination in Canada?

The War Measures Act was used during WWI & WWII to allow for the detainment of cultural groups deemed “enemy aliens”. During WWI, Ukrainian Canadians were branded as “enemy aliens” and were interned. The Wars Measures Act gave the government extraordinary powers and could arrest people without charging them with an offence and detain them indefinitely. 5000 Ukrainians were imprisoned and 8000 were classified as enemy aliens. They wore special identification badges and reported to the police regularly. Japanese Canadians were similarly targeted during WWII. Before the war, there was already anti-asian discrimination and after Pearl Harbour, resentment gave way to hysteria. Men were sent to work camps and women and children were sent to internment camps in the interior of British Columbia, where they stayed until the end of the war. The government seized their property and sold it at government auctions. After the war, many Japanese families had no homes or possessions. 5. Under what conditions might an individual be prevented from applying for immigration? An individual may not be eligible for immigration if they suffer from illnesses that pose a public safety threat or will place undue hardship on health services, if they lack funds, if they are convicted criminals or if they pose a risk to public safety, if they are known or potential terrorists or if they have been convicted of a war crime.

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