PS295 OC Assignment 2 W2023_1

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Wilfrid Laurier University *

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May 20, 2024

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PS295 OC W2023 1 PS295 OC Intro to Research Methods – Assignment 2 Due: Monday February 27, 2023 at 11:59pm [Total: 50 MARKS] This assignment will assess your knowledge of human research ethics, demonstrate your understanding of measurement, and apply your familiarity with sampling methods. To do the assignment:  Create an MS Word document and then type in the Question numbers (e.g., Q1 A, Q1 B, etc.) and your answers. Paste in any screenshots required.  Do not include the assignment questions in your submitted document. If you include the questions, 2 marks will be deducted from your assignment grade.  Submit your assignment as one document in MS Word or PDF in the Dropbox (upload by selecting Add File and then Submit). IMPORTANT : This assignment must be completed independently – it is not a group assignment. Your answers must be expressed in your own words . Paraphrase – do not simply cut/paste and add quotes with a citation. Unauthorized copying of information (from online sources, books, your peers, etc.) or sharing answers with other students is academic misconduct. You must submit your completed assignment as one MS Word or PDF document in the MyLS Dropbox. If you submit your document in any other format, a late penalty (refer to the syllabus) will be applied each day until your assignment is received in the correct format. Ensure that you receive and save the submission notification email when you post your completed assignment in the Dropbox. This will be sent to your MyLS email inbox if your document was successfully uploaded in the Dropbox. If you do not receive this notification, your assignment has not been submitted, and will therefore not be graded. Q1: [2 MARKS] Justice is one of the three core principles that guide the TCPS, and refers to treating participants in research fairly and equitably (refer to Module A1 of the TCPS2 CORE tutorial): A. Briefly describe what treating participants “fairly” means with respect to the core principle of Justice. B. Briefly describe what treating participants “equitably” means with respect to the core principle of Justice. Q2: [3 MARKS] What is the minimum number of members required for an REB? List all types of members that must be represented on an REB (refer to Module A8 of the TCPS2 CORE tutorial).

PS295 OC W2023 2 Q3: [2 MARKS] Module A6 of the TCPS2 tutorial describes the importance of privacy and confidentiality with respect to research data. What is the difference between anonymous and anonymized information (in your own words)? Q4: [6 MARKS] Based on the information provided below, indicate whether each scenario/study is ethically sound as per TCPS2 guidelines and principles and briefly explain your decision. A. A graduate student is conducting a pilot study on attitudes toward vaping on campus, in which participants will complete a brief, online questionnaire. Because this is a pilot study, and the research is minimal risk, he does not intend to submit the project to the REB for formal ethics review. B. A Laurier researcher intends to re-analyze anonymous data collected in one study in a separate/different study (i.e., secondary analysis). The data were originally collected without any identifying information and cannot be linked to the participants, so the researcher does not submit the secondary analysis project to the REB for formal ethics review. C. A researcher is interested in working with an Inuit population; specifically, she is interested in a community’s perception of their cultural heritage. She does not intend to engage the community in her research plan because she is under tight time constraints. Q5: [4 MARKS] A researcher is designing a study to explore the effects of drinking on alcohol- related liver disease. In his study, he will explore human livers taken from patients who have recently passed away from liver failure related to alcoholism. A. Does the researcher’s study require REB review and approval (refer to Module A2 of the TCPS2 CORE tutorial)? Briefly explain your answer. B. If the researcher used livers taken from rats rather than humans, would the study require REB review and approval? Briefly explain your answer. Q6: [8 MARKS] Below are eight scenarios (items A to H) that describe how researchers have measured variables in their research. For each scenario, indicate which of the following 16 qualities is most directly illustrated. You can only choose ONE quality per scenario, but the same quality may describe more than one scenario. Good test-retest reliability Poor test-retest reliability Good internal reliability Poor internal reliability Good interrater reliability Poor interrater reliability Good face validity Poor face validity Good content validity Poor content validity Good criterion validity Poor criterion validity Good convergent validity Poor convergent validity Good discriminant validity Poor discriminant validity

PS295 OC W2023 3 A. A researcher administers a self-esteem scale to a sample of participants at the start of the school term and finds that Cronbach’s alpha = .25. B. Continuing with the scenario above in Item A, the same sample of participants completes the scale again at the end of the school term, and the correlation between their self- esteem scores at the start and end of the term is r = .10. C. A psychologist developed a measure designed to assess impulsivity. She administered the measure to a group of in-patients who had been formally diagnosed (by a team of certified psychologists) with an impulse control disorder, as well as a group of people without an impulse control disorder diagnosis. She found significantly different scores between the two groups. D. A researcher developed a new, 20-item scale to measure people’s fear of illness . She sends the scale to a small group of psychologists who are experts in this area of study, and they all agreed that the ten items do not appear to be assessing the concept of fear related to illness. E. Two researchers are using the same code book while observing a mouse in an elevated plus maze, and the percentage agreement between the researchers is found to be 84%. F. A clinician created a brief, 5-item questionnaire designed to measure well-being . He found that his questionnaire does not correlate with a longer, well-validated scale that measures well-being. G. A researcher developed a scale to assess motivation in athletes. She found that her scale is not correlated with a different, well-validated scale designed to measure mental exhaustion in athletes. H. A psychologist sent his newly-developed personality questionnaire to a group of expert reviewers, who indicated that the questionnaire is missing some important aspects of the concept of personality . Q7: [7 MARKS] Undergraduate students signed up for a study on PREP, which they were told examined performance anxiety. Participants attended the study session in a lab on campus, and were assigned the task of performing a comedy skit in front of a group of 4-5 other students. While each participant performed the skit, two researchers sat at the back of the room and independently scored whether the following behaviours occurred: (a) blushing, (b) touching hair, (c) looking down, (d) stuttering, (e) trembling. The researcher’s scores are presented below: Blushing Touching hair Looking down Stuttering Trembling Researcher 1    Researcher 2  

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