Essay about A Study on A. Nigra Seeds for Pharmaceutical Products

An example of those are carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, possessing strong antioxidant, radical-scavenging, and antibacterial activities. The majority of the phenolic acids in Sage species are derivatives of caffeic acid which is the building block of a variety of plant metabolites. Caffeic acid plays a central role in the biochemistry of the Lamiaceae plants, and occurs mainly in a dimer form as rosmarinic acid. Carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, which are present at high concentrations in the extract of Sage plants, have shown strong antioxidant properties. Ursolic acid, also a component of sage, has strong anti-inflammatory properties, and in sage preparations, it is considered as a quality control measurement for the anti-inflammatory effects of different

In vitro enzyme-inhibitory assay-guided fractionation of Polygonum hyrcanicum extract resulted in the purification of 13 phenolic compounds as the active constituents. Based on NMR data, the purified compounds of Polygonum hyrcanicum were identified as quercetin (1) [17], myricetin (2) [17], N-trans-caffeoyl-tyramine (3) [18], quercetin 3-O-α-L-(3",5"-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) (4) [19], quercetin 3-O-α-L-(3"-acetyl-arabinofuranoside) (5) [20], myricetin 3-O-α-L-(3",5"-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) (6) [21], (+) catechin (7) [22], (-) gallocatechin (8) [22], myricetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (9) [23], myricetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (10) [23], quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (11) [24], myricetin 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside

Polyphenols, like ellagic acid and resveratrol are found in citrus, teas, berries, whole grains, and peanuts. It is thought that they can help to prevent cancer and inflammation. They are also powerful antioxidants. Bioavailability is low due to rapid break down, especially for resveratrol (Abourashed, 2013). It has been shown that polyphenols inhibit cancer cell growth in animal models, and increase the lifespan of fish and mice. Resveratrol supplements also improve glucose/lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. Polyphenols also reduce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through their antioxidant activities, which will be discussed more in depth later in this paper (Higdon, 2005).

Antioxidants are the hero that protects your cells from the damaging effect of free radicals by reducing oxidation in your body. Pomegranates have 120 antioxidants (flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins) to keep

Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides as major components in the acetone methanolic, ethanol, chloroform extract of A. nilotica (Table 1). The anti-bacterial activity of plants that are widely used against human pathogen induced toxicity is majorly due to the presence of various secondary metabolites that bind directly to bacterial cell wall components and destroy their effect. Flavonoids and alkaloids isolated from A. nilotica plant species demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities anticancer activities of human pathogen. Presence of these active secondary

Standard compounds (rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin and hyperoside) were prepared as 0.05% solution in methanol. The concentration of test extracts was diluted to 5mg/mL with methanol. 5 µL of both extracts and standard solutions were deposited on 20 x 20 cm glass TLC plates coated with silica gel (60 A) with flourescent indicator F254. After application of the samples, the TLC plate was allowed to dry and developped in a glass chamber. The glass chamber was allowed to equilibrate with the mobile phase comprising of ethyl acetate, formic acid and water in the ratio 8:1:1 (v/v), respectively, for at least 24 hours. After development the tlc plate was dried and visualtisation of flavonoids was achieved by spraying the plate with 1 % methanolic

Red beet is a highly nutritious crop, which is regarded as 10th most potent vegetable with respect to antioxidant capacity []. This root crop is a rich source of antioxidants containing betalains as the major constituent of the red beet []. For instance, peel of the red beet is composed of a novel phenolic compound 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydroxy-3,3'-biindolyl, betacyanins (2-O-glucosyl-betanin, betanin, 2’-O-glucosyl-isobetanin, isobetanin, isoprebetanin, betanidin, 2,17 bidecarboxyneobetanin, 17-decarboxyneobetanin, 2-decarboxyneobetanin, neobetanin, 2,17-bidecarboxy-2,3 dehydro-neobetanin, 6’-O-feruloyl-2’-O-glucosyl-betanin, 6’-O-feruloyl-2’-O-glycosyl-isobetanin, 2-decarboxy-2,3-dehydro neobetanin, and 6’-O-feruloyl-betanin/isobetanin), and betaxanthins

Most of the bioactive compounds from plants are polar. Aqueous methanol as a polar solvent, though toxic, can be a more efficient extracting solvent as it can dissolve a larger portion of the polar compounds and fairly soluble for nonpolar compounds. It is relatively inexpensive and easily evaporates compared to other alcohols due to lower boiling point of 64.7◦C, hence the extraction and concentration of bioactive

aromaticum were able to inhibit the cell growth of the pathogen with zero side effects, i.e., antibacterial

cheiranthifolium selectively affects Gram-positive bacteria (Mendoza et al., 2002). Copalic acid, another labdane diterpene, isolated from Copaifera langsdorffii is found to be active against a number of Gram-positive bacteria responsible for dental carries (Leandro et al., 2012). 6-alpha-malonyloxymanoyl oxide, isolated from Stemodia foliosa, is also active against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria containing Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. anthracis, Micrococcus luteus, Mycobacterium smegmatis (da Silva et al., 2008). The MBC was noted to be 0.5 mg/ml for S. aureus (MTCC 96) with andrographolide. Bacteriostatic activity is defined as a ratio of MBC to MIC of >4; therefore, andrographolide can act as bacteriostatic agent in this strain (Pankey and Sabath 2004).

Fruits and vegetables with rich bioactive components can potentially act as a dietary antidote, and therefore targeting health-relevant bioactives of fruits and vegetables has merit (Leroy and De Vuyst 2004). Phenolic compounds are the most important for dietary applications. These compounds protect plants, fruits, and vegetables from oxidative damage and have been used as antioxidants by humans. Beyond its role as antioxidants phenolic bioactives also have diverse human health-relevant functionalities including ability to influence glucose metabolism (Hanhineva et al. 2010). Therefore antioxidants from natural sources are the great interesting for applications in natural antioxidants, nutraceuticals, and functional foods or dietary fibres (Do et al. 2014).

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) belongs to a species of hardy shrub. It belongs to the Elaeagnaceae family. It is broadly allocated all over the temperate region of Asia, Europe and around the subtropical zones, chiefly at higher altitudes. Currently it’s been cultivated in several parts of the world (Bal et al., 2011). For years people have been using it as a drug in traditional medicine. The polyphenols present in sea buckthorn fruits possesses antioxidant qualities and they help fight human body against the detrimental repercussions of oxidizing radicals (Papuc a et al., 2008). The ecotypes of sea buckthorn are of distinct genetic makeup with distinct biochemical and nutritional expressions (Bal et al., 2011).

Modern medicine is finally catching up to the ancients in realizing the health promoting benefits of myriad herbs and spices. For instance, a study by the University of Georgia revealed that many herbs and spices are a rich source of the antioxidant phenol, which can prevent inflammation and

Stop using antibiotic is impossible because of its convenience and wide range of capability to kill microorganism, but if an alternative method or material which has similar or resemble character is found, it may replace antibiotic. ‘Phytochemical and plant extraction’ are expecting that it has antibacterial activity result from diverse plants have

Procedure: Fresh tissue of 0.5g was homogenized in 80% acetone and filtered through buchner funnel. Residue is washed with several times with 80% acetone and final volume was made to 50ml with acetone. 2ml of plant extract along with series of std. tannic acid (0.1mg/ml) were taken in separate Nesselen’s tube. To each tube 10ml of 20% Na2CO3 and 2ml of FDR is added. Final volume of reaction mixture was made 50ml with distilled water. After 20 min absorbance was read at 660nm.