The Consequences Of Antimicrobial Resistance In Human Pathogens

AIM – The aim of the experiment is to determine the relative effectiveness of several anti-microbial substances on developing pathogens. (E. coli)

Effect of 5-Fluorouracil, Penicillin G and Amphotericin on the growth of Pythium and Micrococcus luteus

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

The aim of this investigation was to find out which antiseptics were most effective at preventing the growth of bacteria.

Because of this rise of selection for vancomycin-resistant bacteria, finding an alternative antibiotic treatment for this strain of bacteria is imperative. There has been some consideration of alternatives to vancomycin treatment of bacteria as sensitivity toward the drug decreases. Though vancomycin is still the treatment standard for methicillin-resistant bacteria, other compounds such as linezolid have proven to be more effective. Linezolid is a currently FDA approved compound that disrupts protein synthesis in the ribosomes of bacteria. The result of this disruption is

found that both the drug and the bacteria use enzymes as their defense and attack

There was another area of testing, in which we tested the effectiveness of common household spices on bacteria and yeast. My group tested Paprika, which showed to have no effect on the Serratia. There was a lab-malfunction, in which we tested Serratia twice, which inhibit the results of Paprika on yeast. However, other groups tested different spices/food which showed to be very effective; vinegar and honey (on Serratia), and garlic for both bacteria and yeast.

The aim of this experiment was to observe the effect different concentrations of Dettol had on the growth of S. albus. The highest concentration of Dettol (100% - D) was predicted to be the most effective solution to kill and stop the growth of this particular bacteria. This can be justified as S. albus is gram-positive; easier bacteria to kill, developing resistance slower than a gram-negative. Therefore, the highest concentration of antibiotic should be – and was – the most successful in changing the pH levels, and killing S. albus. Through discussion and analysis of the results collected through the experiment, it can be concluded that there is higher chance of killing and the growth of this particular bacteria if 100% Dettol is used.

-large ring of inhibition around disk, bacteria growth is circular around ring, not growing over

Amoxicillin is penicillin based anti-infective agent most closely related to ampicillin. It is not a scheduled drug but it is only available by prescription. Common brand names of amoxicillin include Amoxil, Moxatag, and Trimox. Amoxicillin is a bactericidal drug used to treat gram positive bacterial infections. Amoxicillin is one of the most commonly prescribed and most effective drugs in both doctor’s and dentist’s offices, but this paper will focus on its pharmacokinetics as well as its uses, effects, and advantages in the dental field.

One of the drugs we will be investigating is Chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol is a member of the Amphenicol family/class of antibiotics. It is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Members of the family work by targeting protein synthesis. Due to its ability to work against gram-negative and

Before testing was done both bacteria, Gram positive and Gram Negative had been inoculated in 3ml TSB for 24 hours at 37°C. After incubation and with the help of cotton swab 2 plates of Mueller-Hinton agar were heavily inoculated with Gram positive obtained from the skin and Gram-negative bacteria obtained from water respectively. Swapping was done by following the procedure stated in the lab manual, going back and forth across one half of the plate ensuring the entire area was covered, turning the plate 90o and swabbing from top to bottom and turning the plate one last time a further 90o and repeat the swabbing in the indicated manner. Eventually 12 paper disks containing enough of the antibiotic were placed on the possible cultures and left in the incubator for 24 hours at 37°C. After inoculation the diameters of the clear zones (zones of inhibition) around each McFarland disk were measured with a standard ruler to the nearest millimeter. The measurements obtained were matched against a chart to determine whether the bacterium was resistant, sensitive, or intermediate in susceptibility to the antibiotic used.

As an attempt of finding novel antifungal therapeutic agents for Bd, we tested the viability of the zoospores, sporangia and biofilm-associated cells in the presence of different concentrations of methyl chavicol, curcumin, allicin and 6-gingerol. Plant extracts have been used to treat different microbial diseases of humans, animals and plants for decades. Methyl chavicol is not soluble in water; instead it is highly soluble in ethanol and DMSO. Ethanol and DMSO both kill Bd. Therefore, testing its ability to kill Bd was determined in mixed cultures by directly adding different volumes of oil into 10 ml H-broth cultures. The minimal inhibitory concentration of methyl chavicol was 1 µl/ml which completely killed a mixer of both zoospores and sporangia. Our results match with the previously reported MIC of 1 µl/ml for methyl chavicol which completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Moniliophthora perniciosa (Costa et al. 2015). Antibacterial activities of Ocimum sp. essential oils, which consist methyl chavicol as the major component, have been proved to be effective against different bacteria and fungi (Moghaddam et al. 2014, Pandey et al. 2014). Even though methyl chavicol seems very promising in mitigating Bd in vitro, in vivo studies are highly recommended as there is evidence that methyl chavicol

The compatibility of BA, SA and HL were tested amongst themselves. The overlapping growth for each other was determined as compatible interaction, whereas incompatible interaction showed inhibition zone between the paired microorganisms. Petri dishes (90 mm) were poured with sterilized PDA medium (15 ml) and inoculated by placing 5 mm disc of HL and a 10 mm piece of blotting paper pre-inoculated with each bacterial antagonists BA and SA separately in different combinations. Next to this both bacterial strain compatibility tested by spot method (Anandaraj et al., 2010) and each combination was replicated thrice.

albicans and other non-albicans candida species biofilms 32, no expanded study has been conducted on the activity of terpenes against C. tropicalis biofilm so far. Here, we have explored the biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication properties of citral, geraniol, and thymol against C. tropicalis. Biofilm inhibition concentration (BIC50) and biofilm eradication concentration (BEC50) was defined as the concentration at which 50% of the biofilm cells are metabolically active in contrast to the untreated sample. The calculated BIC50 was found to be two folds higher than MIC50 in presence of citral (64 ug/ml) , geraniol (64 ug/ml) and thymol (32 ug/ml) , whereas, BEC50 (128ug/ml) of matured biofilm is two to four folds effective when treated with citral, geraniol, and thymol. In the case of azole standard drugs such as fluconazole, Ramage et al. [38], has demonstrated that biofilm cells were also resistant with MICs increased 64–1000 times compared with planktonic cells. Even higher concentrations are needed for complete eradication of biofilm as it forms a firm habitat for its survival. Thus, there is a need to look for better compounds which are natural and less harmful when to be used against candida biofilms. Because there is no consensus regarding the acceptable inhibition level for natural products, we can say the undergone study could be considered well with the definition proposed by Morels et al. [34]. If extracts displayed a MIC less