Abstract. Background And Objectives: Serum Creatinine/Creatinine

2. Which of the lab values gives you information about how Mrs. Burroughs’ kidneys are functioning?

There are also a few tests that will show whether or not the kidneys are filtering the body’s fluids as they should. A simple urinalysis can be done to detect protein or blood in the urine. This will alert the medical professionals to a possible problem with the proper functioning of the kidneys. There are also Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) tests that will measure the

Creatinine is produced by your muscles as they breakdown creatine, a substance involved in muscle contraction. Creatinine is formed at a constant rate in the body and excreted by the kidneys, so by evaluating the amount of creatinine in your blood, your doctor can determine how efficiently your kidneys are working. Creatinine levels are measured by taking a sample of blood from your vein; then, the concentration of creatinine in your blood is compared to a standard amount for your age and sex. Increased blood creatinine levels may indicate an increase in lupus involvement of the kidney.

Several studies have been performed to investigate potential predictors for HRS. Gines et al., found three independent variables to be predictive of HRS, absence of hepatomegaly, high plasma renin activity, and low serum sodium (Gines et al., 1993). Montoliu et al., found that older age, high baseline serum creatinine, and a high CP score were independent

Similarly, patients with long-standing hypertension with hypertensive retinopathy and a family history of hypertension and CKD are likely to have hypertensive nephrosclerosis, particularly if urinalysis reveals minimal proteinuria and no hematuria22. It is worth noting that the presence of diabetes or hypertension does not rule out another cause of CKD, particularly since hypertension is a consequence of CKD. In addition, distinguishing between diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy is frequently challenging. However, a biopsy is usually not recommended because distinguishing between hypertension and diabetes as the underlying cause of CKD does not change management.

Blood and Urine tests - looking for any indicator of Creatinine kinase which the body produces when muscle breaks down.

Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys into the blood (serum) and urine. High serum, and/or urine creatinine levels are indicative of kidney dysfunction. A colorimetric assay can be used to determine the creatinine concentration in the urine and serum samples from patients who are suspected to have kidney dysfunction.

Changes in the human environment, behaviour and lifestyle are contributing to the upsurge in the incidence of diabetes. However, better management has resulted in a longer survival of patients with diabetes but it is accompanied by long-term chronic complications due to hyperglycemia 1. Individuals with diabetes most often die of cardiovascular disease (CVD) rather than from a cause uniquely related to diabetes, such as ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia2,3. Diabetic patients have a twofold to sixfold higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than nondiabetic population3,4 Furthermore, diabetic patients with CVD sustain a worse prognosis for survival than CVD patients without diabetes and their quality of life also depreciates. Therefore, diabetes

Serum cystatin C is protein which suggested to be an idea marker of GFR. CKD is a risk factor for dementia. We aimed to determine the serum levels of Cystatin C in patients with CKD and to correlate this with degree of cognitive impairment and stages of kidney disease. 90 subjects aged 65 years and older were involved, divided into two groups; Group (I): 60 patients with CKD, and Group (II): 30 age and sex matched healthy participants. Patients with heart failure, hepatic failure, thyroid disease, patients underwent dialysis for longer than 1 month, patients had polycystic kidney disease, who had bone marrow transplant, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy with in the past 6 months were excluded from the study. Mini-Mental scale (MMS), serum cyctatin level, stage of CKD were done to all participants. Serum Cystatin level was significantly high in CKD patients. MMS score was significantly lower in CKD patients. A high significant negative correlation was found between serum Cystatin C levels and degree of cognitive impairment. Also a significant positive correlation was found between levels of cognitive impairment and GFR. A high significant negative correlation was found between serum Cystatin C levels and GFR (R=-0.531, p 90 ml/min, to end-stage kidney failure with GFR < 10)

From the evidence recovered it seems to show that the supplementation of quercetin is capable of decreasing blood

Experiment 1: Male and female subjects with short-term (2 months) HFCS access. 150 male and 150 female subjects with comparable BMI levels, daily activity levels and daily medications/vitamins are

Kroll MH, Chesler R, Hagengruber C, Blank DW, Kestner J, Rawe ‎M. Automated determination of urinary creatinine without sample ‎dilution: theory and practice. Clin Chem. 1986;

Early studies have shown that there is no significant increase in mortality from renal failure. A prospective study followed a cohort of 2046 initially healthy men and measured urate levels and the incidence of a raised serum creatinine (Campion et al. 1987). They concluded that there wasn’t a significant rise in the creatinine level, and that there was no significant renal impairment caused hyperuricaemia, supporting a conservative treatment regimen.

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.

Chronic kidney disease does not discriminate against age; anyone can get it. However, individuals who have diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, and are of older age are at high risks. However, the earlier the disease is detected, the better the chances are for slowing its progression. The way to check and detect kidney function includes the following: calculation of Glomerular Filtration Rate, an ultrasound or CT scan, and a kidney biopsy ("About Chronic Kidney Disease,"