Advantages And Disadvantages Of Metabolomics

(a) (3 pts.) This video discusses 3 different types of chromatography. List each one mentioned, and describe their differences in as much detail as possible (your points earned will be proportional to the level of detail in your discussion). Which one was used in this lab demonstration?

The purpose of this lab is to investigate the processes that can be used to separate two volatile liquids in a mixture based on their chemical properties. This is accomplished by fractional distillation, which separates chemicals in a mixture by differentiating them by their boiling points at atmospheric pressure. Specifically in this lab, fractional distillation is used to separate an unknown mixture into its respective pure components. The components are then identified using gas chromatography, which is also telling of the purity of the extracts and success of the procedure. The procedure of this experiment was specified in lecture by Dr. Fjetland and in Gibert and Martin’s student lab manual, Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach, 6th Edition.

Pharmacogenomics, a component of precision medicine, is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to particular drugs. It involves a combination of pharmacology and genomics, to manufacture medication and doses that are customized to fulfill the variations found in people’s genes. (Reference 2016)

This article uses a number of different sciences to solve the issue of inaccurate drug dosage. The first is biomedical engineering which is where the concepts of engineering are applied to the creation of something used in a medical setting. In this study the biomedical engineering is scene within the use of the microfluidic chip because it was designed and adapted for medical research. Microfluidic chips have been around for a couple decades and are used for many different purposes but this technology was adapted by the scientist Ryan Oliver to satisfy the needs of the study. He designed and created a microchip that was able to replicate the biological environment found within the human kidneys using biomedical engineering. The scientist had

On a thin chromatography plate, five spots were placed ( as shown in table 2) and the plate was developed using chloroform/methanol. This was later visualized with dragendorff’s reagent under the UV light. All separated components were observed, identified and recorded.

In this experiment, separation of fluorene and 9-fluorenone took place using column chromatography. The pureness of the separate compounds was checked using TLC and melting point analysis. Rf values were the determined from the TLC plates and calculated to compare the experimental Rf values to the starting mixture Rf values. TLC is useful to separate tiny samples and is considerably quick, while chromatography is used to separate considerably larger mixtures but takes more time. The melting point of both desired molecules was found and contrasted with the actual values. The melting point is used to assess the purity of each compound recovered. Column chromatograpahy separates compounds based on polarity. Column chromatography contains a mixture dissolved in solvent and put in a column that had solid adsorbent and an eluent. There are different phases in the column: a polar stationary phase (solid adsorbent), the alumina, and mobile phases (eluent), which can flow throughout the column. There are different phases due to different polarities, resulting in dissimilar bands. TLC separates compounds due to polarity. Each sample is dotted on the plate and placed in eluent and the samples quickly separate due to polarities and adsorption. The spots can either move far or short distances. The weakly adsorbed compounds move faster than the stronger adsorbed components. The textbook mentions simple elution stepwise elution to elute each fraction in the column chromatography. Simple

Thus an interdisciplinary approach should be utilized as a broad range of scientific discipline from biochemistry to informatics which will help us to identify and understand the mechanism for cancer progression and its prognosis. With the rapid changes in the technology, there has been various challenges which have come into the picture due to regulatory oversight and legislation. One of the major challenges is to manage large amount of data generated via assays thus it requires massive computational resources for data storage, processing and interpretation. Certain informatics resources such as ClinGen and ClinVar database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has provided us with easily accessible data. The identification and routine deployment of molecular markers to improve classification of indeterminate lesions will be of great benefit to patients and surgeons and will reduce costs to the health care system by limiting unnecessary surgical procedures. More multidisciplinary research, closer collaborations is required between drug and cancer biomarker developers, clinicians, biologists, biostaticians and IT professionals, so to develop cancer biomarkers to improve patient outcome as well as to help the clinician in rapid clinical decision

Introduction There are four main molecules that are observed in all living things and that are essential for all life. These organic compounds are carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids. In biology, these are known as macromolecules. Macromolecules, with the exception of lipids, are long molecules that consist of many smaller molecules (monomers) that are linked together through covalent bonds, called polymers. The polymer consists of many identical or similar monomer.

- The computer can also identify those chemicals that would probably not be successful in treating a particular disease before time and money are invested in extensive testing.

The genomics is changing modern medicine, not all drugs are for everyone, the “one-size-fits-all” is outdated.4 Medicine is individual; we are not all the same, and some of our dissimilarities transform to how individual response to medical treatments.3,4 Genes encode protein such as enzymes.3,4 The variance in the sequence of a gene can result in differences in enzymes. This explains why enzymes appear in different forms in individuals. This is also why different people process one or the same drug differently. 3,4 Why does someone need twice the standard dose to be effective? Why does one drug work for some people, but not for others? Why do some people experience side-effects of drugs, but others do not? Why do some people get cancer/any diseases, but others do not get.3,4 These are reasons why individualized or personalized medicine is

A career as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologist has allowed me to see the effects of drugs on the people who take them. Working with patients who have all types of diseases, are on many types or have tried many types of therapies, and are frequently involved in a drug trial as given me another view of the drug development process. The world of pharmaceuticals fascinates me and my work so far has ignited a desire to acquire additional skills that will allow a deeper involvement in clinical studies. After over ten years of working in a hospital setting using imaging drugs I transitioned into a career working for a company that manufactured these drugs. It was during this time that I learned about the interactions of drugs and different types

The industry is impacted by financial challenges for drug development and diagnostics (2016). The cost of drug development may rise due to more complex procedures, i.e. biomarker analysis (2016). The underdevelopment of pharmaceutical regulations (2016), relating to personalised medicine, may threaten the introduction of these treatments and diagnostics in healthcare. The pharmaceutical industry is also faced with scientific challenges in the development of personalised medicine, many of the sciences used to develop drugs and diagnostic techniques are emerging and not yet fully developed, molecular profiling for example (2016) leading to the choosing of an incorrect biomarker for a disease can prove extremely costly and timely for drug development programs as explained by A. Ayers (2016). The handling of more complex data may result in the need for new, more powerful computing and statistical methods (2016).

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) consists of a TLC plate (stationary phase) that is partially immersed in a solution (mobile phase) to separate compounds on it, based on polarity. When an unknown compound, with distinct polar components, is placed on the TLC plate, the components with low polarity will have traveled the farthest from the start line it was set on. A compound with low polarity also has a large Rf value () on a TLC plate. The Rf value is a ratio that depicts how much a compound interacted with the TLC plate. However, the compounds from experiment 5 were separated with an adsorption chromatography column.

Enrichment would not work for this type of analysis as it does not separate the targeted analyte, rather it raises the concentration of the analyte that is involved. Knowing that purification is the type of separation that is to be used, the analyte has to be prepared for analysis by permethylating the glycans preemptively for HPLC, LC-MS, or HILIC. Each respectively stands for High-Power Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, or hydrophilic interaction chromatography. The most common to use is LC-MS as the analyte of interest can be separated and purified for mass spectrometric analysis. Permethylation to understand is a common derivatization method for enhancing ionization efficiency in MS analysis and improves the overall structural stability of the glycan analyte. Later once the analyte is permethylated it is allowed to run through liquid chromatography which separates the analytes by intensity (quantity) and size, which gives the ability to select the analyte of interest. The selection is done with knowledge of what the analyte of interest is before starting the procedure. After the analyte of interest is purified through LC (liquid chromatography) it is taken over to the mass spectrometry machine where the sample is then broken down into the various components.

     Conventional Liquid Chromatography is most commonly used in preparative scale work to purify and isolate some components of a mixture. It’s also used in ultra trace separations where small disposable columns are used once and then discarded. Analytical separations of solutions for detection or quantification typically use more sophisticated high-pressure liquid chromatography instruments.