Case Study

PSA test results are interpreted as: 0-4 ng/mL is normal. Between 4 to 10 ng/ML is 25% of developing cancer, and > 10 ng/ml is a > 50% risk of cancer. However, some men with normal PSA levels still have prostate cancer, while other men with high PSA levels do not. PSA levels increase with age often due to a higher prevalence of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH). Therefore, no PSA cutoff can accurately guarantee that a man does not have prostate cancer.

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus involves; patient history and physical examination. Blood tests including; FBG level exceeding 7.0mmol/l, OGTT level exceeding 11.0mmol/l using a 75g glucose load, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c over a 2-3 month period >8%, lipid profile, serum urea and serum creatinine, electrolytes. Complete urinalysis. (Brown & Edwards, 2012)

Patients are usually given a blood test to show if diabetes is present, the test may be given because of questionable symptoms one has had or from genetic history. If after testing hemoglobin levels in your blood, and diagnosed with diabetes, insulin will then be a part of a patients’ daily routine (Insel, Deecher, & Brewer, 2012).Tests are taken to determine whether or not hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia is present. When this is discovered, the tests become more frequent. A variety of tests are done in order to keep one in good health. If diagnosed in time, and with proper care, many complications can be prevented. JDRF will be supporting

Triglyceride concentrations in the liver are much higher than the heart and kidney. The differences between triglyceride and glycerol concentrations were triglyceride includes the free glycerol plus the glycerol. Pure glycerol concentrations were not determined because of reagent availability. The triglyceride concentrations were assumed to be proportional to glycerol concentrations. (Figure 2)

This set of particular tests were carried out at Manchester Metropolitan University in the Interdisciplinary Laboratory. Prior to the tests that were going to be carried out the client in question was asked to carry out a Pre-Test Medical questionnaire to assess the risks involved and to see if the client would be able to participate in the tests. The tests that were performed on the client were height, weight, haemoglobin, cholesterol, FEV1 and FVC.

44 females), with a mean age of 24.2 years. Both Ober test and modified Ober tests were

PSA is a biomarker that is regularly used clinically for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It was discovered in 1972 while trying to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the research of medical cases. Papsidero and associates measured PSA quantitatively in the blood in 1980, which was stated to be a clinical use as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA exists in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and it is raised higher in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate ailments [8]. Prostate cancer can also be present in the whole absence of a raised PSA level. PSA expresses androgen dependent and so it is less sensitive in older population. The limitations of PSA as biomarker

Y. L,fasting glucose level is 10.0 mmol/L above 7.0 mmol/L and her HBA1C of 8.8% is an indication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Keeping the level less than 7% could prevent complications. Hertotal cholesterol of 6.3 mmol/L indicated that her cholesterol level is too high and needed to be controlled. Mrs. Y.L. triglycerides ' levels of 5.5 mmol/L which is above the desirable level amount of 1.7 mmol/L. This is an indication of DM, but if caught early she will lower her risk of getting DM. Her LDL isvery high (4.1 mmol/L) which also put her atrisk for stroke and development of DM. Furthermore a low HDL of 1.1 mmol/L could put her at risk for underlining diseases and DM. Finally the UA +glucose ketone 's levels showed that she has glucose in her urine, which is an indication of DM, but she has no indication of ketone in her urine.

Hi Mr. Brown how are you today? On today`s visit we will be going over your cholesterol panel we receive back all your test results for your cholesterol levels. Your triglycerides levels are at 145 milligrams per deciliter. Your levels are under the normal range of 145 milligrams per deciliter, which is good because your levels are under the high borderline which is between 150 to 199 milligrams per deciliter. This is great that your levels are normal Mr. Brown because Triglycerides are a type of fat known as lipid that’s found in your blood. When you eat food, your body converts any calories it doesn 't need to use right away into triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in your fat cells. After the hormones are released into triglycerides for energy between meals. If you eat more calories than you burn, then the calories like fats and carbohydrates, can cause you to have a high triglycerides result. So basically, Triglycerides help in the digesting process and breaking down the fats in the food we eat. The results for your cholesterol level are 210 milligrams per deciliter which is borderline high considering, the normal range for cholesterol levels are less than 180 milligrams per deciliter. Since your body has to have cholesterol to make Vitamin D, your hormones, and it also helps with the digestion of the meals you eat. See cholesterol is like a wax, fat like substance that is found in the cells in our bodies.

Moreover, older adults are twice as likely to have poor glucose control, as measured by a

HbA1c is not only to test the glucose level in recent period and determine the presence of diabetes, also monitor the glycemic control of Mr B (Higgins, 2013). If the HbA1c is greater than 8%, it generally indicates that the blood glucose is not well-controlled and increase the complication risks (Thomas et al., 2013). The lipoprotein analysis shows the lipid level. This test helps detect diabetes and dyslipidemia, also complications caused by diabetes (Jenkins, Toth & Lyons, 2014). For example, the high level of low density lipoproteins (LDL) are tightly associated with increasing risks of heart attacks and strokes (Thomas et al., 2013).

and Ferrannini, E., 2000 pp. 1368). Research Question and Hypothesis The investigators did not develop a hypothesis, but wanted to answer a specific question. They wanted to know the effect of obesity and diabetes on gluconeogenesis and endogenous glucose output. Sampling The sample population for the study was a purposive sample obtained from a diabetes clinic and an obesity clinic. Because the investigators had a population characteristic in mind for the research, purposive sampling was an effective means by which to obtain participants. The researchers studied a group of 55 participants that included both men and women. Of the sample population, 40 were considered obese and 15 were considered a healthy weight. Obesity was defined as a BMI greater or equal to 27. Twenty-eight of the obese participants were also diabetic and nine of the healthy weight participants were diabetic. The author of the article stated that the participants gave written informed consent and the protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee.

The patients’ blood is drawn on two separate occasions.” Blood fasting glucose is the best indicator of blood homeostasis and is the preferred method of diagnosing diabetes.” Postprandial blood glucose sampling is also another test done to determine blood glucose level.” Postprandial testing samples are drawn every two hours after a meal to detect the efficiency of the insulin. “Oral glucose test that is done by drinking 8 ounces of a sweet liquid that will also measure the blood glucose levels checking after one hour and then again after two hours.” Normal blood glucose levels should be 70-125

A capillary blood sample is used to test the blood glucose level (Kucia 2015, p. 875). The normal level is 3.9-6.1mmol/L (Sanchez 2014, p. 582). This is measuring the glucose levels in millimoles per litre of blood (Sanchez 2014, p. 582). As type two diabetes can cause hyperglycaemia, it is important to monitor blood glucose levels (Porth 2015, p. 806). The patient is also taking insulin and medications for his diabetes so it is safe practice to

Normal glucose levels are about the same as blood glucose; very low glucose levels (<7.30 suggests the presence of an inflammatory or infiltrative process (parapneumonic effusions, malignancy, empyema, esophageal rupture, tuberculosis)⁵