Chronic Kidney Disease Research Paper

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

Perform a urinalysis when possible to find levels of Specific Gravity (how concentrated the urine is), pH, Protein, Blood, Nitrites, Leukocytes, Ketones, Glucose and Bilirubin. The results of this test can help identify any possible impairment in renal function and identify the presence of an infection (Vera, 2011).

failure can be found by a rise in serum creatinine concentration or azotemia, which is a rise

CAUSES OF ALBUMINURIA High blood pressure, Congestive heart failure  Metabolic syndrome, or kidney damage from nephrotic syndrome ALBUMINURIA is seen in all forms of acute and chronic renal diseases GLUCOSE Glucose is found in the blood and is the main sugar that the body manufactures Glucosuria- The presence of glucose or blood sugar in urine is. It may indicate that the person has diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus -  condition in which the pancreas no longer produces  enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed int o  the cells of the body. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS  frequent urination increased thirst  increased hunger The treatment includes changes in diet, oral  medications, and in some cases, daily injecti ons of  insulin.

At the end of our 2 weeks of data gathering and completing the study, the group aims to accomplish the following:

Figure 1: Cardiovascular disease mortality by age, race, and gender in the general population and in dialysis patients. Cardiovascular mortality is defined as death due to arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic heart disease, and pulmonary oedema. Data from the general population are from the National Centre for Health Statistics multiple cause of mortality files 1993. Data from dialysis patients include haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis combined from USRDS 1994-1996. Reprinted with permission from Am J Kidney Dis 32[Suppl 3]: S115, 1998.

However David W. Johnson says on www.hdcn.com (Screening and overview para. 2 ) " early identification and management of chronic kidney disease is highly cost effective and can reduce the progression of kidney failure by 50 percent". His purpose in explaining this was to educate on screening and early detection of ckd. In his writings his statistics are very detailed as to the risk factors and who should be screened for ckd. He goes on to break down the different levels of chronic kidney diseases with charts and graphs. So although not reversal once your kidneys deteriorate to the kidney failure stage if caught early you could still salvage some kidney function. If not however, the solutions to keep the person with chronic kidney failure alive is dialysis or either transplant. Both are life saving options. There are a lot of different variables for chronic kidney failure including hypertension, diabetes, smoking or infections that weren't taken care of soon enough. All these contribute to chronic kidney failure. My nephew's kidney failure stemmed from

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Causes of kidney disease are wide-ranging in number; however diabetes, high blood pressure, inherited disease, and infection remain to be the contenders of cause (Davidson, 2011). Acute kidney disease can be identified by anuria and oedema. CKD is often called a “silent” killer, because instead of a sign, that would render immediate evidence, CKD only provides symptoms that many don’t know to correlate to renal issues. The symptoms may also increase at the latter stages of the

High blood pressure which is called hypertension is another common disease which can cause chronic renal failure. This

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients

research paper, is to provide a general overview of the causes of kidney failure, shedding light on it

When treating kidney disease it is important to control the underlying disease that is causing the damage to the kidneys. If diabetes is diagnosed keeping blood glucose levels under control and if high blood pressure is the cause keeping blood pressure under control with a reading of 130/80. Medication can be helpful such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers. Acute renal failure the main goal is to get the kidneys functioning again the physician may limit the amount of fluids taken in daily along with antibiotics to protect against any infections and diuretics to help with fluid removal. In some cases patient will require dialysis for a short period of time. Treating end-stage renal failure requires dialysis and or transplants.

Demographic variables and clinical characteristics of the studied groups are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in age, body mass index between the studied groups. Meanwhile, there were statistically significant increase in disease duration; TG, TC, FBG levels and HbA1C percentage in diabetic cases when compared to their allied control group with higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM group. LDL-C and HDL-C levels showed statistically significant difference in diabetic cases when compared to their allied control group but with no difference between micro and macro albuminuria T2DM groups. Serum urea, creatinine and UACR were statistically significantly higher in T2DM cases when compared to their allied control group and normo-albuminuria T2DM groups with higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM group (Table 1).

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is emerging as a major challenge for the global health-care systems with increasing life-expectancy and rising rates of obesity, diabetes and hypertension (1). Not surprisingly, the incidence-rates of End-stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) have been rising world-wide with rates ranging from 12 to 455 per million population (pmp) (1). ESKD affects 107 individuals per million population in the United Kingdom (2). Although the incidence-rates have been stable from 2006-2010, it has risen from 95pmp in 2001 (2). Prior to the 1960’s when dialysis was available, ESKD was universally fatal. Since the advent of dialysis, ESKD was no longer a terminal condition. With evolving technologies and modifications of the techniques, dialysis developed into a long-term treatment for ESKD. However, survival, morbidity, and quality of life remain poor, while cost stays high.