Essay about Cinchona and its Product--Quinine

Now the United States has a shorter history of medical herbal use. Native American’s, and early European’s used herbs as medicines.

In 1820, the scientists Pelletier and Caventou were able to isolate the quinine alkaloid from the bark of the tree to be sold as the antimalarial drug. Not until 1944, during World War II, was the alkaloid synthesized by scientists for its medicinal reproduction. This was due to the fact that at the time the top producer of quinine, the dutch owned Indonesian island of Java, was occupied by the Japanese in 1942. This cut off allied forces from the drug supply, forcing them to find alternatives to mass produce the antimalarial drugs.

Some plants served more than one cure depending on how they were utilized. Achiote Annato leaves were believed that when the seeds were ground up and placed inside a bath for soaking, anyone with measles could be cured. However if the seeds were seeped in water

An elderly patient is complaining of a bad cough at her yearly physical. She has recently been diagnosed with diabetes and regularly takes prescription pain medication for her arthritis.

development was the method of getting quinine from cinchona tree bark to treat the disease

willow tree bark used as early as 400 B.C. to relieve pain. It is also known as salicylic acid.

Medicines were mostly produced to cure diseases. Back in the 1600s scurvy and malaria were huge problems that needed to be dealt with. As mentioned in previous paragraph malaria was treated by the bark of the Cinchona tree and is still used today. “The bark of the Cinchona tree (called quina quina by the indigenous Peruvians), found in the rain forests along the Amazon River in the Andes of South America, contained an ingredient called quinine, which is still used in the treatment of malaria, a disease transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito and one of the oldest plagues of mankind” (Cassell, Dank K., and Cynthia A. Sanoski). This shows that achievements made back then are still important to this date. Scurvy was a disease caused by vitamin deficiency, but that was not known back then. Jacques Cartier is a French explorer whose crew got infected with scurvy. Jacques and his crew came in contact with an Iroquois tribe in the New World, who knew how to cure scurvy. The women of the tribe would use juniper needles and bark to make a tea and use the leftover tea to wash the affected person’s leg. Juniper needles and bark contain a lot of vitamins the human body needs, so when the affected person drank the juniper tea they got all the vitamins they lost back in turn curing scurvy. Poisons also had reasons why they were needed. Hemlock and aconite are deadly poisons

Stories of Native Americans contributions to the advancement of health and medicine traces were discovered in a small town in Nali, Africa. The very first onset of the beggining of modern pharmacology is the substance called "quinine". This is the substance that came from a bark of a tree that grew in high elevations. The Indians has been using this substance to cure malaria, cramps, chills, hear-rythm disorders and many other ailments. Prior to the disovery of quinine, the old world suffers enormously because the lack of medical knowledge that the old world posess. Quinine would have probably been introduce somewhere in 1630, as it was mention in

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

- Quinine, which helps cure malaria, is obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree found in South America.

Page 70 includes a medical prescription that was also written in a different hand style. On the last twenty-four pages, eighteen of them discuss medicine and plant lore (pages 215–227, 229-230, and 236-237 specifically). Three pages include fragmentary incantations (pages 231, 233 and 235), and three pages were left blank (pages 228, 232 and 234).

and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao

and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao

Medicine were made out of spices, herbs, and resins. Spices used are: nutmeg cinnamon, cumin, and Frankincense. Nutmeg was used to ward off the plague and caused abortions. Cinnamon was

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